496 PROCEEDINGS OF SECTION F. 



has touched them — minus the raw material operated upon in 

 each industry — these figures representing the primary pro- 

 duction of the land. The relation between the incomes of 

 the primary and secondary workers which I am indicating 

 has no doubt not been observed before by reason of these 

 figures not being usually given in the aggregate by the 

 statistics of a country. They represent the value of the 

 product, minus the raw material operated upon, not the 

 subject of production in the particular industry for which 

 figures are given ; that is to say, the value of the grain less 

 the value of the seed, the value of the flour less the value of 

 the grain, the value of the leather minus the value of the 

 hides, the value of the boots minus the value of the leather, 

 &c. The statistics of the different countries, as generally 

 stated , give in the aggregate the total value of the different 

 manufactures or divisions of production : thus, the manufac- 

 tures of the United Kingdom, stated for the year I dealt 

 with at £81 8,000,000, after deducting in this way the value 

 of the raw material operated upon, will be represented by 

 £334,000,000. The manufactures of the United States, 

 stated at £ 1 , 1 12,000,000, will be represented by £404,000,000. 

 The figures of production taken in this way, minus the raw 

 material, necessarily represent the incomes derived from the 

 work of primary production ; that is to say, the wages of the 

 labourers, the profits of the capitalists, receipts derived from 

 the rental of lands applied to productive purposes, and interest 

 on money so employed, and also the partial incomes of men 

 as producers who are partly employed or otherwise employed 

 at the circumference of the circle. The figures of produc- 

 tion taken in this way, and quoted in the aggregate, give the 

 incomes deriv^ed and the value of the employments in the 

 work of production as they can be ascrtained in no other 

 way, as they could not be obtained by any independent 

 classification of the workers. When the figures indicating 

 the value of primary production, or the incomes of those 

 engaged in the work, are compared with the figures showing 

 the total incomes or total earnings of the people, it will be 

 found that the total incomes are approximately double the 

 amount of the production, the incomes of the secondary 

 workers being approximately the same as the incomes of 

 primary producers; or, to state it in another way, the incomes 

 of primaiy woi-kers or producers give corresponding incomes 

 to all other classes according to the demand for their 

 services. 



