ORGANISATION OP INDUSTRY. 497 



I find the approximate result stated, after the necessary 

 deduction for the absentee incomes leaving the country and 

 the English capital coming in, for the Colony of JNew South 

 Wales ; for Victoria ; for the whole of the Australasian 

 Colonies, according to the figures quoted by Sir Qenry 

 Parkes at the recent Federation Conference. For the United 

 Kingdom I have taken the calculation made by Mr. Giffen 

 in the year 1883 of the incomes of the English people, the 

 same being based upon previous tables of earlier date by 

 Mr. Dudley Baxter and Mr. Leone Levi. Mr. Giffen states, 

 in reference to this table, he is of opinion that a much larger 

 figure may be taken ; that the figures as to the incomes of 

 the non-agricultural class give an average per head of very 

 little more than is allowed for the agricultural labouring 

 classes. It is well known that there is considerable difference 

 in the earnings of the two classes, and Mr. Giffen gives his 

 table based upon the previous calculations with this qualifica- 

 tion. I therefore make an addition of 10 per cent, to the 

 incomes of this class of workers. The result of comparison 

 with the incomes of primary workers, as shown by the amount 

 of primary production, shows the approximation indicated. 

 The figures for incomes are £1314 millions, giving ,£657 

 millions secondary incomes, as compared with £658 millions 

 for primary workers. At the same time there are about 

 £30 millions of income on capital invested abroad, but to 

 what extent it has stimulated and partly entered into the 

 figures of production I cannot say, I have also dealt with 

 the United States. In that country there has been no 

 calculation of incomes, and I have therefore had to prepare 

 an approximate computation. I do not put the table forward 

 as an accurate statement of the incomes of the United States 

 people, but only as an approximate computation. I have the 

 Census Returns of all persons engaged in gainful occupations 

 for the Census Year 1880, expressly distinguishing the 

 manufacturing from the mechanical ; and the Report of the 

 Commissioners of the Labor Bureau, an exhaustive publica- 

 tion, gives the average earnings of all workers, male and 

 female, other than the mental and administrative. I have a 

 table from the details of the Census specifying all these 

 latter workers. Their average earnings have been arrived 

 at by reference to a compilation from the Census based upon 

 the returns of the American railroads by a special agent, 

 Mr. A. E. Sherman, employed in dealing with this portion 



