ORGANISATION OF INDUSTRY. 603 



regards the great staple-producing industries. The higher 

 the remuneration which can be received by the manual 

 workers, having regard to other conditions, the greater will 

 be the measure of production in the centre of the cii'cle. 

 The surplus amount will, for the most part, be expended in 

 procuring an increased supply of food, clothing, and other 

 requirements. Every increase of production which can be 

 disposed of will, as stated, give to the secondary workers 

 additional incomes approximately to a corresponding amount 

 to those earned by the primary workers ; so that the increase 

 of their earnings for a given number will primarily depend 

 upon the incomes of the primary workers. Other obvious 

 means for consideration in different countries will be measures 

 of land reform, of fiscal policy, trade, and treaties with 

 foreign countries, which will serve to promote or increase 

 production. 



One result to be deduced from the operation of the law 

 which 1 have indicated, that the establishment of any pro- 

 ductive industry will be of equal benefit to all classes, is that 

 if, by a charge upon the total incomes, an additional produc- 

 tion can be established, whether it be by way of bonus or 

 under the protectionist system, if the whole of the workers 

 within the circle of industry have to pay more for a particular 

 commodity, say 10 per cent, on the jjroduction, or £100,000 

 in one million, they will, nevertheless, receive approximately 

 an additional £2,000,000 of income, £1,000,000 being 

 received by the primary workers from the increased produc- 

 tion and £1,000,000 by the secondary workers. 



The basis of all employment and incomes being the pro- 

 duction of the land, one object of Government, which has not 

 hitherto been recognised, should be to take such means as 

 individual effort cannot accomplish to promote them to the 

 fullest extent. The progress of production in a country has 

 hitherto been left solely to individual effort. It should be 

 the concern of Government, as all participate equally in the 

 results ; and it should be the object of Government, by any 

 possible organisation and control which would not interfere 

 unduly with individual effort, to prevent waste in the appH- 

 cation of labour and capital, which must be to the detri- 

 ment of all. 



There is a phase in the industrial system of any country to 

 which I have now to direct attention, and one immediately 

 bearing on the problem in question. Let me suppose that 

 the production of any country can be increased sufficiently 



