688 PROCEEDINGS OF SECTION G, 



14. Is ceeeni proiionnoed, Sec. ? Observe remarks on the 

 letter c. 



15. Is aiigeie pronounced ang-e-ie .'' a-nge-io, 



16. Is ixete (xeje) pronounced with ng* for x? jNo ; ixete 

 is Lifii, the x in which is a hard guttural sound, nothing- 

 approaching ng ; xeje is of the Mare language, the x in 

 which is a much milder guttural sound ; a stranger might 

 take it for a g ; there is more difficulty in learning the x 

 sound in Mare than the x in the Lifu language. 



17. In ziehme, ziiche is z = Ger. z in zehn ; is 7i a hard 

 guttural and ch = tch ? The z in these words is the same 

 sound as z in zeal ; h is not guttural ; hut hoth in Mare and 

 Lifu it is a mere hreathing or expulsion of air through the 

 nose immediately before uttering the following m or n ; ch 

 should be written c as before remarked, and pronounced as 

 ch in chapel. 



18. What are the native words for all, &e. .'' 



i. Mare — ileodene = all ; ileethewe = both ; acetheden 

 = pair ; rewe or rue = couple ; ha rewe = double; 

 sese = together. 



ii. Lifu — -ase, as'cjeihe = all ; lueje = both ; penin = 

 couple ; hnaaluen == doul)le ; ce = together. 



19. What I called incision is a custom the natives of the 

 Isle of Pines ])ractised, and consists not in cutting off the 

 prej)uce, which is circumcision, but in cutting open the pre- 

 puce longitudinally, and thereby exposing the glans penis as 

 effectually as by circumcision. 1 never heard of the mutila- 

 tion of the penis as practised by some of the tribes of 

 Australia. 



7.— GROUP MARRIAGE AND RELATIONSHIP. 



By LORIMER FISON, M.A., FMow of Queen's Collet/p, 

 University of Melbourne. 



In Mr. Edward Westermarck's recent work on " The 

 History of Human Marriage" (Macmillan, 1891) the follow- 

 ing passage occurs : — " Most anthropologists who have 

 written on prehistoric customs believe that man lived in a 

 state of promiscuity, or ' communal marriage,' but this 

 hypothesis is essentially unscientific," There is a confusion 

 here between "promiscuity" and "communal marriage," 

 The two things are quite distinct the one from the other, and 

 I shall endeavour in this paper to sliow what communal 



