144 ^^nie of Europe, W. & N. Asia & America 



45° from the forehead to sweep upwards, outwards, and backwards nearly 

 in one plane, except towards their tips, where they bend somewhat 

 inwards. In section they are nearly quadrangular, and on their broad 

 front surface they carry in the basal half low and flat transverse ribs, and 

 higher up bold knots or knobs. The shorter horns of younger males 

 show knobs throughout their entire length. Hence it is evident that the 

 ribs on the lower portion of the horns of the adult rams are analogous to 

 the closely approximated rings noticeable near the bases of the horns of 

 old males of many species of antelope. The longest horns of this species 

 on record are the property of Mr. St. George Littledale, and measure 

 40^^ inches in length along the outer curve, with a basal girth of I2| 

 inches, and an interval of i 5^ inches between the tips. 



As in all the members of the goat tribe mentioned in this volume, the 

 beard of the western tur is restricted to the chin ; in the old males it is 

 long and narrow in summer, but broader in winter, when in the younger 

 males it forms only a short fringe. 



When in the short and close summer dress the adults of the present 

 species are of a uniformly bright chestnut colour, with the lower lip and 

 chin, the tip of the short tail, and the front surfice of the lower portion 

 of both pairs of limbs black or blackish. The hinder surfice of the same 

 part of the latter shows a more or less distinctly defined light streak, and 

 there is a white spot on each of the fore-posterns immediately above the 

 hoofs. In winter, when the hair becomes much longer, looser, and 

 coarser, the general colour, at least in the immature males, is light 

 yellowish brown, with the same dark markings as in the summer coat of 

 the old rams, and in addition an ill-defined dark streak down the middle 

 of the back. In the young males at this season the margins oi: the lips 

 are whitish, and there is no white spot above the fore-hoofs. Except at 

 the root, where it is blackish, the beard of the old rams is of the same 

 colour as the coat. The horns and hoofs are deep black. 



