21 6 Game of Europe, W. & N. Asia & America 



Mirvivc ill one locality in the province ot Perm. In the province oi Nijni 

 Novgorod, in Central European Russia, the occurrence ot the red deer 

 at the present day is certain. Here, in the vast forests of the Ssemenov 

 tlistrict, and perhaps also in those ot Markarjev, the stag has found a last 

 refu^je in v\'hich it still flourishes. This tact, taken toirether with the 

 circumstance that it still inhabits certain districts in North-Eastern Russia, 

 may be taken as an indication that in former days the red deer ranged over 

 the whole of European Russia, from the Baltic to the Urals ; its extermina- 

 tion over the great part of that vast area being due to persecution by 

 man. 



One other curious circumstance remains to be noticed. In Nijni 

 Novgorod the red deer is knov\'n among the peasants by the name of /w/7c, 

 and since this term might easily be confounded with /'///wo/, the Russian 

 for butfalo, it is probably responsible for the repcM't prevalent some years 

 ago that the bison still survived in Nijni Novgorod. 



Evidence has also been collected by Herr A. Brauner, in a paper quoted 

 under the heading of the eastern race of the species, that red deer were 

 abundant during the eighteenth century on the steppes ot Southern Russia, 

 especially in the province of Kherson, and that the distribution ot the 

 animal extended continuously over South Russia from the Bug to the 

 Kuban river on the northern flank of the Caucasus, where we certainly 

 enter the domain of the eastern race of the species. Red deer still survive 

 in the Crimea, and Herr Brauner is of opinion that they belong to the 

 western rather than to the eastern race of the species, although, as men- 

 tioned later, this seems doubtful. 



