100 OSTEOLOGY. 
The cranium cerebrale is composed of the occipital (os occipitale), the sphenoid 
(os sphenoidale), the ethmoid (os ethmoidale), and the frontal (os frontale), the two 
parietals (ossa parietalia), and the two temporals (ossa temporalia)—eight bones in all. 
The bones of the face (cranium viscerale, ossa faciei) include the following :— 
Two single, viz. the vomer (vomer), and the inferior maxilla or mandible ( mandibula), 
and twelve bones, arranged in pairs, viz. the superior maxillary (maxillee), malar (ossa 
zygomatica), palate (ossa palatina), together with the lachrymal (ossa lacrymalia), 
nasal (ossa nasalia), and inferior turbinated (conch inferiores)—fourteen bones in all. 
According to the scheme of international nomenclature, the inferior turbinals, the 
lachrymals, the nasals, and the vomer are included under the cranium cerebrale, and not 
with the cranium viscerale. 
The hyoid bone is usually described along with the skull. If, in addition, the 
bones of the middle ear, three on each side (malleus, incus, and stapes), be in- 
cluded, the skeleton of the head consists of twenty-nine bones. 
The separate bones will first be described, and then the skull will be considered 
as a whole and in section. 
THE SEPARATE BONES OF THE SKULL. 
THE FRONTAL BONE. 
The frontal bone (os frontale), situated in the fore part of the cranium, is a 
single bone formed by the fusion in early life of two symmetrical halves. It con- 
sists of a frontal part, which corresponds to the region of the forehead; an orbital 
Frontal eminences 
Temporal crest 
Temporal surface 
Superciliary ridge 
External angular process \S ; 
ie I Glabella and remains of frontal suture 
SE AT ering Internal angular process 
Supraor bital notch = 
For articulation with nasal bone 
Nasal spine 
Fic. 77.—FRONTAL Bone (Anterior View). 
part, which enters in the structure of the roof of the orbits; and a nasal part, which 
assists in forming the roof of the nasal fossee. 
The frontal part (pars frontalis) is the shell-like portion of the bone which 
rises upwards above the orbital arches. Its external surface is rounded from side 
to side and from above downwards. This convexity is most pronounced about 
11 inches above the orbital margins on either side of the middle line, constituting 
what are known as the frontal eminences (tubera frontalia). These mark the 
original sites of the centres from which the bone ossifies. The lower margin of 
this part is formed on either side of the middle line by the curved orbital 
margins (margines supraorbitales), the outer and inner extremities of which 
