THE ORGANS OF SENSE AND THE 
INTEGUMENT. 
By Ropert Howven. 
THE NOSE. 
THE nose constitutes the peripheral part of the organ of smell (organon olfactus), 
since to the upper portion of its mucous lining the branches of the olfactory nerve 
are distributed. It consists of an external portion, the outer nose, which projects 
from the face, and of an internal part, or cavum nasi, which is divided by a vertical 
septum into right and left cavities or fossv. 
The outer nose, or nasus externus, forms a more or less triangular pyramid, of 
which the upper angle is termed the root (radix nasi) and is usually separated from 
the glabella by a depression, while its base (basis nasi), directed downwards, is per- 
forated by the apertures of the nostrils (anterior nares). Its free angle is named 
the point (apex nasi), and the anterior border, joining root and point, is termed the 
dorsum nasi; the upper part of the dorsum is supported by the nasal bones, and is 
named the bridge. The lateral aspects of the nose are continuous with the eyelids 
above and with the cheeks below, forming, with the latter, a varying angle. Each 
lateral surface ends inferiorly in a mobile and expanded portion, the ala nasi, which 
forms the outer boundary of the anterior nares and is limited above by a furrow, 
the alar sulcus. The skin covering the nose is thin and movable over the root, but 
thick and adherent over the point and ale, where it contains numerous large 
sebaceous glands. 
The arterial supply of the outer nose is derived from the facial and ophthalmic arteries, and 
its veins drain themselves into the facial and ophthalmic trunks. Its lymphatics follow the 
course of the facial vein and open into the submaxillary lymphatic glands. The facial nerve 
supplies its muscles, while the sensory nerves for the skin are the infratrochiear and nasal branches 
of the ophthalmic nerve and the infraorbital branch of the Superior maxillary nerve. 
The nose presents great variety as to its size and shape, and certain well-defined types, such as 
aquiline, Grecian, etc., are described. The relation which its breadth, measured across the ale, 
bears to its length, measured from root to point, is termed the cephalometric nasal index, and is 
expressed thus : 
greatest breadth x 100 
greatest length. 
In white races this index is below 70 (leptorhines); in yellow races, between 70 and 85 
(mesorhines) ; and in black races, above 85 (platyrhines). 
» CARTILAGES OF THE NOSE. 
In addition to the bony skeleton of the nose there are five chief cartilages 
(cartilagines nasi) which contribute to the production and maintenance of its 
shape. These are named—(q@) the cartilage of the septum, and (b) the upper and 
lower lateral cartilages, on each side. 
The cartilage of the septum (cartilago septi nasi, Fig. 484) is of an irregularly 
quadrilateral form. Its postero-superior edge is attached to the mesethmoid; its 
postero-inferior margin to the vomer and intermaxillary crest. Its antero-superior 
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