980 THE DIGESTIVE SYSTEM. 
Taken as a whole, the pharynx is a tube, the anterior wall of which is wanting. 
The place of this wall is occupied by the nasal, oral, and laryngeal cavities, as well 
as by the base of the tongue; and to the lateral boundaries of all of these parts the 
Internal carotid artery 
ee ie lacerum medium 
| cartilage c 
ee 7 Cartilage of Eustachian tube 
Cavity of Eustachian tube 
———TLeyator cushion 
————Superior constrictor muscle 
———F Glands in soft palate 
F { J. -Uvula 
“| ‘ 2 ~ 
Palatopharyngeus 
f 
)_¢ —Cireumvallate papille 
—Sulcus terminalis 
Glossopharyngeal nerve 
2) _oraimen cecum 
i Be aympnoia follicle 
ini 1 
~— Middle constrictor muscle 
Epiglottis 
Pharyngo-epiglottic fold 
Lingual artery 
Ss 
Hyoglossus muscle 
“~~. ~Hyoid bone 
Superior laryngeal artery 
‘Internal laryngeal nerve 
Sy 
Aryteno-epiglottic fold 
Sinus pyriformis 
Superior aperture of larynx 
~ —— Inferior constrictor muscle 
Top of cricoid cartilage 
Fic. 660.—THE ANTERIOR WALL OF THE PHARYNX WITH ITS ORIFICES, SEEN 
FROM BEHIND. 
The specimen from which the drawing was made was obtained from a formalin-hardened 
body, by removing the posterior wall of the pharynx while leaving the anterior 
wall undisturbed. The following points should be noted: the greatest width of 
the pharynx, above, at the lateral recesses ; the posterior nares, with the inferior 
turbinated bones seen through them ; the levator cushion ; and the pharyngeal 
portion of the tongue. 
sides of the tube 
are connected. 
In this way it 
comes to be at- 
tached from 
above down- 
wards to the 
following more 
or less fixed 
points:—(1) The 
Eustachian tube 
and internal 
pterygoid plate ; 
(2) the pterygo- 
maxillary liga- 
ment, the  pos- 
terior end of the 
mylohyoid ridge 
on the dnmenr 
aspect of the 
lower jaw, and 
the mucous 
membrane of 
the mouth; (3) 
the base of the 
tongue and the 
hyoid bone ; and 
(4) the thyroid 
and ecricoid car- 
tilages of the 
larynx. Above, 
it is firmly fixed 
by 1tsaponeurosis 
to the periosteum 
of the basi- 
occipital and 
petrous portion 
of the temporal 
bones; and in ad- 
dition the raphe 
of the constric- 
tors is attached 
to the pharyn- 
geal tubercle of 
the occipital 
bone. Below it 
becomes  con- 
tinuous with 
the cesophagus. 
Behind and at the sides, the pharynx is connected merely by loose areolar tissue to 
the surrounding parts. 
The pharynx presents the following relations :—Jn front, as already described, 
are the nasal cavities, the mouth, base of tongue, and larynx, all of which are seen 
on its anterior wall (Fig. 660). 
Behind, it is separated by loose areolar tissue (known 
as the retro-pharyngeal space) from the prevertebral fascia and muscles, which inter- 
vene between it and the six upper cervical vertebree. 
At the sides are placed the 
