THE LIVER. 1059 
vertebral column, but merely an angle formed by the meeting of the two lobes coming from 
different directions. 
- Position.—The main mass of the liver lies in the right hypochondrium; from 
this it extends across the upper part of the epigastrium, and usually reaches as 
far as the left Poupart plane. Not uncommonly, however, it passes into the left 
hypochondrium, where it may extend even as far as the left lateral wall of the 
abdomen. Usually, too, its lower margin passes down on the night side for a little 
distance ($ inch, 12°5 mm.) below the subcostal plane, and comes to he in the 
Diaplhragui——; 
~Outline of liver 
Attachment ot 
a : - Stomach 
falciform ligament 
Great omentum (cut) 
Transverse mesocolon 
with jejunum 
beneath it 
Right lobe of live: 
Tenia of transverse 
colon 
_External cblique 
muscle 
Gall bladde: —— 
Transverse coloi 
Internal oblique 
Small intestine 
Position of nmbilicus 
Ascending color —; 
; , Part of iliae colon 
Anterior superior (signicid flexure) 
spine 
Creeum. 
“i Small intestine 
te} i 2 8 4 
1 ) 1 ! LI 
SCALE IN INCHES SCALE IN GENTIMETRES 
Fig. 714.—TuE ABDOMINAL VISCERA IN SITU, as seen when the abdomen is laid open and the great omentum 
removed (drawn to seale from a photograph of a male body aged 56, hardened by formalin injections). 
The ribs on the right side are indicated by Roman numerals ; it will be observed that the eighth costal cartilage 
articulated with the sternum on both sides. The subcostal, intertubercular, and right and left Poupart 
lines are drawn in black, and the mesial plane is indicated by a dotted line. The intercostal muscles and 
part of the diaphragm have been removed, to show the liver and stomach extending up beneath the ribs. 
The stomach was moderately distended, and the intestines were particularly regular in their arrangement. 
right lumbar region. Under ordinary conditions, the anterior end of the longi- 
tudinal fissure, which separates the right from the left lobe, les one or two inches 
to the right of the mesial plane. 
The limits even of the normal liver are very variable, but, taking the average 
condition in the male, they may be marked out on the surface of the body by the 
following method:—Three points are determine ere half-an-inch (12:5 mm.) 
below the right nipple; (>) half-an-inch (12°5 mm.) below the right margin of the 
thorax (or below the tip of the tenth rib); and (¢) one inch (25 mim.) ‘below the 
