1080 UROGENITAL SYSTEM. 
wall, the whole, or almost the whole, of the left kidney will be found to lie above 
the level of the plane so determined. It is, therefore, situated in the subcostal 
zone of ae abdominal cavity. The right kidney, however, although it lies for the 
most part in the subcostal zone, usually projects at its lowest part slightly below 
Hepatic veins). 1 = : 
MIE | Be ~ 2 : 
SS H —~_— (ssophagus 
Crus of diaphragm 
Phrenic artery t Phrenic artery 
Suprarenal body 
Suprarenal body Coeliae axis artery 
Inferior vena cava Capsular vein 
Superior 
mesenteric artery 
: : | 
Renal vessels \ Renal artery 
Renal vein 
Ovarian vein Lumbar arteries 
Ovarian artery ri 
Ureter 
eve it Games | at Left colic artery 
Ovarian artery 
Inferior mesenteric 
_ artery 
~ Descending colon 
Psoas muscle-— 
Ascending colon Psoas muscle 
Common iliae vein Common iliae artery 
: Pa Sigmoid artery 
Common iliae artery 5 i ’ 
Middle sacral artery Common iliae vein 
Snperior hemor- 
rhoidal artery 
Termination ofileum 
Crecum ~ Tliae colon 
~ Pelvie colon 
External iliae 
artery External iliae 
: i artery 
External iliae 
vein External iliae vein 
Fallopian tube 
Urachus 
Uterus 
Bladder 
Fig, 726.-—'THE PosTERIOR ABDOMINAL WALL, after the removal of the stomach, liver, and the greater part 
of the intestines, showing the position of the kidneys, the course of the ureters, etc. (A. H. Young 
and A. Robinson). 
the subcostal plane, and so lies to a small extent in the umbilical zone. It is stated 
that in the female the kidneys are placed on a somewhat lower level than in the 
male. 
By far the greater part of each kidney lies to the inner side of a line drawn 
vertically upwards through the middle point of Poupart’s hgament. 
The posterior aspect. of the kidney is closely applied against the muscles 
attached to the bodies of the last dorsal and upper three lumbar vertebra, and is 
placed in front of the last rib and of the transverse processes of the upper three 
lumbar vertebrae. In some cases the eleventh rib also lies behind the upper part 
of the kidney; this happens more frequently on the left side of the body. The 
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