110 DEUXIÈME ASSEMBLÉE GÉNÉRALE 
diminutive Æ. montezumæ. But nowhere in North America have horses 
been found contemporaneous with man. 
Two chief advances have been made, first, the distinction of plains and 
river, from forest faunas; second, the exploration of two very remarkable 
cave deposits. 
The Western plains fauna of the Æquus beds or Lower Pleistocene (Mar- 
rHew!) contains among the Carnivora, Canis, Dinocyon, Felis; among 
the Rodentia, Fiber, Arvicola, Cynomys, Thomomys, Castoroides; among 
the Edentata, Mylodon; among the Perissodactyla, three species of 
Equus ; among the Artiodactyla, two species of the Dicotylidæ; one spe- 
cies of the Camelidæ, and two of the Antilocapridæ (Capromeryx, a new 
form, Marrnew), and Antilocapra; among the Proboscidea, Elephas co- 
lumbi. À similar plains fauna is that of Silver Lake, Oregon, which in- 
cludes also two aquatic animals, Castor und Lutra. At Washtuckna Lake, 
Washington, is found a forest fauna which includes in addition to camels 
and horses, a badger, Taxidea, three species of Felis, two of Alces, one 
ofthe American deer, Curiacus, and one ofthe goat Oreamnos (Haploceros). 
Our knowledge of the Western cave fauna has been enriched especially 
by the discoveries of Sinczam? in California, in the Potter Creek Cave, 
probably of late Pleistocen eage. This includes an extremely rich series 
chiefly of the mountain and forest type. Of fifty two species, twenty-one 
are extinct, including a new member of the Ovinæ in the genus Zucera- 
therium® (Sinczair). With these animals are associated relics possibly of 
human origin. In the East, the Port Kennedy Cave, also treated by 
Core, has been exhaustively investigated by Mercer“, and shown to con- 
tain fifty species of mammals, including chiefly forest types, among 
which are the Mastodon americanus, a tapir, and two species of Equus 
Again no human remains have been found. 
As regards phylogeny, the horses are evidently polyphyletic; but we 
have not as yet worked out the distinction between possible representa- 
tives of the horses, asses, and zebras. The Proboscidea have been clearly 
distinguished (Ponr1&, Lucas, OsBorx”) into four great types Wastodon 
1 List of the Pleistocene Fauna from Hay Springs. Nebr. Bull. Amer. Mus. Nat. 
Hist., Vol. xvi, 1902, pp. 317-322. 
? The Exploration of the Potter Creek Cave. Univ. Calif. Publ. Amer. Archæol. & 
Ethn., Vol. 2, No. 1, 1904. 
3 Euceratherium. Univ. Calif. Publ. Bull. Dept. Geol., Vol. 3, No. 20, 1904 
pp. 411-418. 
* The Bone Cave at Port Kennedy. Jour. Acad. Nat. Sci. Phila., Vol. xi, Pt. 2, 
1899. 
5 Evolution of the Proboscidea in North America. Science, N. S. xvii, Feb. 15, 
1903, p. 249. 
