356 Geological Survey of the State of Ohio. 
On this limestone is imposed a yellowish siliceous limestone. 
It is generally destitute of organic remains. It is quarried exten- 
sively for building, and is burned for quick-lime. 
II. This consists of a bed of shale, two or three hundred feet 
in thickness. It is generally black, very fissile, and frequently, 
when breathed upon, exhales a fetid odor. Towards the lower 
part of this deposit, occur masses of carbonate of lime, of a sj he- 
roidal structure. Some of them are globes, and on being broken, 
exhibit no peculiar structure. Others appear to have been origi- 
nally amorphous masses, traversed by cale spar and sulphate of 
baryta, and constitute the nuclei around which concentric layers 
have subsequently formed. Others, again, are lamellar in their 
structure. Sulphate of alumine and potash and sulphate of iron 
are abundant throughout this deposit. From these materials cop- 
peras might be manufactured in large quantities. 
Ill. Waverly Sandstone Series —This name has been applied 
to a fine-grained sandstone which is extensively quarried at Rock- 
ville, Portsmouth, Piketon, and Waverly. It constitutes the best 
building material in the State. This group consists of alternating 
layers of shale and sandstone, varying in thickness from a few 
inches to two or three feet. Some of this sandstone contains a 
large portion of aluminous matter, so that it readily exfoliates on 
exposure to the air. The most common organic remains in this de- 
posit are E’ncrini, (a species of Helix ?) besides some bivalve shells. 
The moulds of these remains are often filled by sulphuret of zinc 
and sulphate of strontian, but more frequently by sandstone. We 
have also noticed one or two species of F'ucoides, probably non- 
descripts. Throughout the whole extent of this formation, from 
the Ohio river to the lake, ripple marks are found. Some of them 
are so surprisingly regular as to resemble the flutings of a Corin- 
thian pillar. We have seen a surface of a hundred feet in length 
by fifty broad, marked in this way. 
IV. Conglomerate.—This rock sometimes consists of an aggre- 
gation of quartzose pebbles, and again passes into a granular sand- 
stone. It crops out on the western border of the coal measures 
in bold escarpments, varying from 80 to 100 feet in thickness. In 
a rock composed of such materials, we should not look for homo- 
geniety of character or uniformity of thickness: for in the detri- 
tus, brought down from the primitive mountains—of which the 
secondary rocks appear to have been formed,—the pebbles 
