BOTANICAL REGIONS. 
Little attention has hitherto been paid to the various interesting botanical 
regions of the Hawaiian Islands. The different types of forests, even at the 
same elevation and often in one district, are so marked that one could draw 
imaginary lines separating these various types of forests with their peculiar 
species. There seems hardly to be a transition type present. It is owing to 
the various lava flows of all ages that such types of forests are at present in 
existence, but nevertheless climatic conditions, such as wind, rainfall, ete., are 
also responsible for these peculiarities. This, of course, applies more to the 
Island of Hawaii, which is the largest and supposed to be the youngest of the 
group. 
If we include the scanty strand vegetation, which consists mainly of a few 
herbaceous plants and three or four species of trees, which are scattered, single 
ones here and there on the beaches, we have six botanical regions, each of which 
has again to be subdivided into sections, owing to topographical changes caused 
by lava flows and climatie conditions. Many changes on lava flows are caused 
by rain and exposure to wind, which disintegrates the lava quicker than in other 
regions more sheltered, and so decides the plants most adaptable to these re- 
gions, though this in turn depends again on the nature of the lava itself, whether 
aa (rough) or pahoehoe (smooth) lava. 
The botanical regions are as follows: 
1. Strand vegetation. 
2. Lowland region. (This region merges into the lower forest region). 
Section a, dry region. 
Section b, wet region. 
eg 
Lower forest region. 
Section a, windward side. 
Section b, leeward side. 
sa 
Middle forest region. 
Section a, dry region. 
Section b, semi-dry. 
Section e, wet region. 
Section d, kipukas, (small areas of lands with no trace of lava, soil 
lack and fertile in dry section, surrounded by 
newer lava flows; richest in tree species). 
a 
Bog region. 
Upper forest region. 
de 
