Of Cyperaceae, the following are to be found: 
Cyperus pennatus 
Cyperus phleoides 
Fimbristylis pyenocephala* 
Carex Sandwicensis var. (Makaiwa and Nahiku beach, Maui) 
Gramineae 
Sporobulus Virginicus, ete. 
The Cordia subcordata (Kou), which has followed the Malayan race in its 
migration, was once much more common than now. Only a few trees can be 
found along the shores, and those mainly on the less frequently visited islands, 
in out-of-the-way places. Whether the presence of this tree can be attributed 
to the ocean currents or to the agency of man can not definitely be determined, 
though presumably to the latter. The Coconut, of course, needs hardly to be 
mentioned, though it is not present in such extensive groves as in the South Sea 
Islands or Central America. (See plate ITI.) 
Of Cryptogams, mention may be made of the Ophioglossum vulgatum, which 
springs up on our shores after heavy rains. 
Between the beach formation and lowland zone oceur lagoons on some of 
the islands, which are usually stocked with Sesuvium Portulacastrum, very 
common in company with Cyperus pennatus, C. laevigatus and Mesembrian- 
themum of recent introduction. .In the ponds themselves, Lemna minor and 
Wolfia columbiana are very common, besides Nelumbium speciosum, Sagittaria 
sagittifolia and the eryptogamous Marsilia villosa, Scirpus maritimus, and 
S. lacustris. Cyperus umbelliferus, having escaped from cultivation, is found 
occasionally in patches. The Chenopodiums are numerous, nearly always in 
company with Portulaca oleracea and Cenchrus echinatus. 
THE LOWLAND ZONE. 
Most of the plants mentioned in the strand formation can be found in the 
lowland zone, though, of course, several species of plants are peculiar to the 
lowland zone. This formation is usually open grassland on the leeward sides of 
the islands when spared by lava flows, and has lately been taken up with Pro- 
sopis juliflora (Algaroba) and Acacia farnesiana (Klu). Of the native vege- 
tation belonging to this zone, Andropogon contortus (Pili grass) and Panicum 
torridum (Kakonakona) are the most common. In these fields Opuntia tuna 
oceurs frequently with numerous aliens of many countries, of which the most 
obnoxious is Lantana camara (Lantana), which, however, ascends to an elevation 
of sometimes 3000 feet and even higher. 
Of other native plants, Sida fallax and 8S. cordifolia (Ilima) are the most 
common, with Waltheria Americana and a few species of Lipochaeta and per- 
haps a species of Haplostachys, which is peculiar to the dry, open, grassy dis- 
triets. Thephrosia piscatoria is not uncommon. Passiflora triloba and P. foe- 
tida have become terrible pests in certain parts of the islands, covering large 
Z 
