as well as the windward side, on dry, arid lava flows, in deep ravines, along dry 
stream beds, in exceedingly dense rain forests, but never going higher than 2200 
feet, and sometimes rarely that. 
Its associates are, however, not always the same, nor are they confined to the 
same region. With it in the dry as well as semi-wet districts is to be found the 
rubiaceous Plectronia odorata, usually a shrub or often a small tree. In the 
valleys back of Honolulu, Oahu, as well as in the valleys of Molokai or other 
islands (see plate V), it is associated with the Acacia Koa (Koa), which de- 
scends on Oahu as low as 600 feet, the Pandanus odoratiss s (Puhala), Jam- 
bosa malaccensis, and Elaeocarpus bifidus (Kalia), whieh heveee is not ex- 
actly a tree of the lower forest region, as it forms the largest part of the middle 
forest region on the island of Kauai, from 3000 to perhaps 4000 feet elevation. 
The rubiaceous trees, Straussia Kaduana, S. Mariniana, Gardenia Remyi, Bobea 
elatior, and on Oahu, especially on the western range, Santalum ellipticum, are 
found in its company at an elevation of perhaps 800 to 1000 feet. The quite 
numerous Metrosideros polymorpha, in its various forms, grows also in this 
region, but is not confined to it, as it can be found from sea level to an elevation 
of 9000 feet, and even higher. The nyctaginaceous Pisonia umbellifera (Papala 
kepau) is one of the typical trees of this region, together with the urticaceous 
genera Pipturus, Boehmeria, and Touchardia, but rarely Urera. The malvaceous 
Hibiscus tiliaceus (Hau), and also the native white Hibiscus, species Arnotti- 
anus, a medium-sized tree, may be found in this region, as well as the anacard- 
iaceous Rhus semialata var. Sandwicensis (Neneleau). The latter, however, 
forms groves by itself 
A form of Maba Sandwicensis with narrow leaves may also come into this 
region. The tree is especially common back of Hilo along the road leading to 
Olaa. Of shrubs, the pretty white flowered goodeniaceous Scaevola Chamis- 
soniana (Naupaka kuahiwi) is very gregarious with Wikstroemia; the latter 
genus is not confined to this region. Next to the Kukui, but not aah so con- 
spicuous from a distance on account of its much smaller size, is the monocotyle- 
donous plant, Cordyline terminalis, the common Ti or Ki of the natives. It 
clothes, sometimes, the lower slopes of the valleys, on steep sides or precipices, 
crowding out every other undershrub. 
Special mention must be made of the very strong and beautiful climber, 
Freycinetia Arnotti, which covers the trunks of trees (mainly Ohia lehua), 
smothering them beneath its great masses of runners with their peculiar cling 
roots. 
In this very interesting region the first signs of Lobelioideae, a tribe of the 
family Campanulaceae, occur, to the wonderful development of which the writer 
wishes to call attention. (See plate VI.) It is the largest of all other families 
which oceur in this Territory, the Hawaiian Islands. The most extreme forms 
can be found, from two to over forty feet in height. They are represented at 
from 800 to 2000 feet elevation by the very common Clermontia macrocarpa, 
11 
