That there was once a mixed woodland is told by the very few remaining 
trees, such as the white Hibiscus (Hibiscus Waimeae), a handsome tree with 
large, white, showy flowers, which still exists in a small valley in company with 
Osmanthus sandwicensis. At an elevation of 1000 feet, back of Makaweli, the 
most common tree is Sapindus oahuensis, remarkable for its simple leaves. This 
tree has hitherto not been reported from Kauai, from whence it must have come 
to Oahu, being much more numerous on Kauai than on the latter island. 
The plants which make up the mixed woodlands are usually the same on all 
the islands, with the exception of certain species which are peculiar to certain 
localities. Among them are the following: Hibiscus Waimeae to Kauai; Ptera- 
lyxia macrocarpa, an apocynaceous tree with bright red double fruits, to the 
Waianae mountains on Oahu; Pelea multiflora, a newly described species, to- 
gether with P. cinerea var. racemosa, Hibiscadelphus Wilderianus, Sideroxrylon 
auahiense, all new to science, peculiar to the lava fields of Auahi, southern slopes 
of Haleakala; and Pittosporum Hosmeri, Xanthoxylum dipetalum var. nov., 
Kokia Rockii, and others, to Puuwaawaa, Kona, Hawaii; while Tetraplasandra 
Lanaiensis and a few other species are found on Lanai only. 
Not all dry forests of the lower zone are, however, alike, some differing very 
materially in possessing fewer species of trees than others, and thus form, so 
to say, a transition type. On Maui the forest above Makawao, which gradually 
passes into the middle forest zone, has a similar aspect to the dry forest on the 
southern slope, but, being more to the windward side, and therefore receiving 
more rain, is unsuitable for certain tree species, and thus less rich in species. 
Between this forest, which is somewhat a mixture of rain and dry forest, since 
it has suitable conditions for plants of both regions, and Kula, is now a large 
treeless plain, with the exception of the intervening valleys, or rather old lava 
gulches, with their precipitous walls, which show still a very interesting tree 
growth, mainly composed of Sideroxylon, Xanthoxylum, Pseudomorus and Dra- 
caena. The slopes of Kula, where once a beautiful dry forest existed, are now 
bare owing to cattle, and the only trees still to be found are Dracaena aurea. 
At Ulupalakua native vegetation has disappeared entirely and only planted 
Euealypti are to be seen. The land of Ulupalakua must be extremly old, as not 
much lava is visible, while the immediate vicinity shows lava flows of little age. 
Several lava flows of various ages must have flowed down the mountain at in- 
tervals of a eentury or perhaps more, which can be judged by the presence of 
the various floral aspects on these different lava flows. The older lava flow has 
been taken possession of by tree growth of such species belonging to the typical 
dry forest as are more easily transported by either winds or birds and have the 
advantage of becoming more easily established than others, while the newer and 
also somewhat blacker flow is covered by a somewhat different vegetation, mainly 
of introduced weeds, with here and there a native shrub. Beyond these flows is 
the typical mixed or dry forest, undoubtedly of great age; its area is about 500 
acres, and is mainly aa (rough) lava, very much disintegrated in some places, 
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