up is a stretch of forest which receives a heavy rainfall, and is composed mainly 
of Metrosideros polymorpha, with Perottetia, Straussia, Suttonia, Pipturus and 
other trees peculiar to such a forest type. Epiphytie plants oceur in great num- 
bers, especially Pteridophytes and vines like the Freycinetia Arnotti (Ie-ie), 
while the lobeliaceous Clermontia parviflora is found on trunks of trees and on 
tree ferns. The whole forest, however, has suffered greatly, not only from the in- 
vasion by cattle, but also by forest fires, which have destroyed large areas. 
lex sandwicensis is found in great numbers, besides huge tree ferns, Cibo- 
tium Menziesii, some of which measure 25 to 30 feet in height, with a diameter 
of 3 feet. The fibrous trunks are usually covered with multitudes of species. 
Vaccinium is plentiful, also Clermontiae and Rubus Macraei. The Ohia, which 
becomes a tall tree, is festooned with the liliaceous Astelia veratroides, besides 
Smilax and other plants. 
Between 2000 and 3000 feet elevation the forest has disappeared and only 
stragglers of tree ferns can be found standing, though ten times as many are 
lying dead on the ground and overgrown with all possible weeds, which the 
ranchmen have imported with their grass seeds. Among them is the composite 
climber, Senecio mikanioides, an awful pest, which has become well established 
on Hawaii. At 3000 feet a few Koa trees can be found, together with Naio, and 
here also was found a single native palm, Pritchardia sp., windswept and half 
dead. If one considers the natural condition in which this palm flourishes, as 
for example in the dense tropical rain forests in Kohala, and then looks at the 
single plant all alone in a field of Paspalum con jugatum, as the accuser of man 
the destroyer, it stands a witness to the fact that there, surrounding it, was once 
a beautiful tropical jungle. Above this dead forest belt is grass land only, 
while a little higher up Sophora chrysophylla forms a belt of forest together 
with Acacia Koa, on whose trunks grows Asplenium adiantum nigrum. Far- 
ther up the Koa gives place to the Mamani, which forms the sole vegetation be- 
sides a few straggling shrubs of the rosaceous Osteomeles anthyllidifolia at 
6000 feet. 
In this locality are three cinder cones or craters on the mountain slope, Ka- 
luamakani, a little over 7000 feet, Moano, and Nau. The vegetation on these 
cones is scanty. The crater holes are very shallow and sandy and harbor only 
few plants. On the rim of the cones grows the monocotyledonous Sisyrynchium 
acre, a glabrous plant 6 to 10 inches in height, with small yellow flowers. 
the shade of the Mamani, as well as on the slopes, grows Ranunculus Hawaii- 
ensis, while in the cracks of the crater wall several grasses, Cynodon dactylon, 
Koehleria glomerata, and Deschampsia australis var. were found in company 
with Gnaphalium luteo-album. At an elevation of 7000 feet on the wind- 
ward slope, Raillardia arborea, one of the Hawaiian tree composites, grows in 
company with the epacridaceous Cyathodes. On the crater Nau several Compositae 
were found, mainly Raillardia, but also Campylotheca and Lipochaeta, besides 
a tree, Euphorbia lorifolia, and several herbaceous Labiatae of the genus Ste- 
a 
