per cent of the vegetation, is Maba sandwicensis (Lama), which fruits prolifie- 
ally during the winter months, and is associated with Erythrina monosperma 
(Wiliwili), Reynoldsia sandwicensis (Ohe), Plectronia odorata (Walahee), here 
a little shrub, Pandanus odoratissimus (Puhala), Aleurites moluccana (Kukui), 
and here and there in open places by itself Capparis Sandwichiana (Maiapilo), 
which becomes here a shrub 8 to 10 feet high with a thick stem and rambling 
branches. Opuntia tuna has ascended from the lowlands. The country is ex- 
tremely rocky, loose aa of ancient origin covering the ground for many feet in 
thickness. 
The undershrub is solely composed of the troublesome Lantana camara, now 
dead, killed by the insects introduced by Koebele, but still the country is almost 
inaccessible, as the dead, thorny shrubs stand more than 15 feet high in certain 
localities. It ascends to an elevation of 2000 feet, above which its place is taken 
by the guava, Psidiwm guayava, which forms thick stands on forsaken kuleanas 
or old native homesteads. 
As we ascend above 1000 feet elevation the vegetation becomes more inter- 
esting. (See plate XVI.) Osmanthus sandwicensis and Maba sandwicensis re- 
main still abundant, but are associated with Nototrichium sandwicense (Kului), 
Charpentiera ovata (Papala), and Pisonia sandwicensis (Papala kepau or Aulu). 
The euphorbiaceous trees Antidesma pulvinatum and A. platyphyllum are here 
the most numerous, and are indeed very characteristic. They can be recognized 
by their deeply, longitudinally furrowed, fibrous gray bark and broad, heart- 
shaped, dark leaves. Pittosporum Hosmeri var. is also exceedingly common, 
together with Dracaena aurea (Halapepe), Straussia sp?, Xylosma Hille- 
brandi, an occasional Colubrina oppositifolia (Kauila), while the other native 
Kauila (Alphitonia excelsa) is here absent and only found on lava flows of more 
recent origin, where Ohia lehua forms almost pure stands. Rutaceous genera 
are entirely absent, such as Pelea and Xanthoxylum, which reach such a won- 
derful development on the lava fields of Puuwaawaa, so similar in floral aspects 
to that of Kapua. Reynoldsia sandwicensis, while stunted at the lower eleva- 
tion, together with the Lama, is here a tall tree reaching a height of 40 to 50 
feet, with trunks of two feet in diameter. 
Of shrubs, the very strong, tenacious Osteomeles anthyllidifolia forms almost 
80 per cent. Its white rosaceous flowers are very fragrant. The wood is ex- 
ceedingly tough and ean be bent into almost any position without breaking it. 
When growing on the slopes of the lowlands on the windward sides of the 
islands it is a small vine, while on the dry lava fields it develops many erect 
stems from a common root-stock, which are several inches thick and sparingly 
branched, reaching a height of 15 to 20 feet. Plectronia odorata is again very 
common, while the araliaceous Tetraplasandra Hawaiiensis is only sparingly 
represented. It reaches here a height of only about 25 feet. Of Sapotaceae, 
Sideroxylon auahiense var. is found, but is not numerous, being restricted to a 
single locality along a little gulch at 1600 feet elevation. Santalum Freycine- 
39 
