beautifully contrasted from the red, yellow and black colored walls of cinder. 
(See plate XVIII.) 
The crater itself showed no activity. Two small cones of reddish-yellow 
cinder mark the outbreak of 1907. The temperature at nine o’clock in the 
morning on the upper lava flows was 92° Fahr. at an elevation of about 8500 
feet. At the summit the temperature was at 60° Fahr. about noon, and sank 
during the night to 35° at an elevation of 7000 feet. A most peculiar fact is 
the presence of millions of flies at the summit of the mountain, which make a 
stay of even a few minutes most disagreeable. Besides these flies, only another 
small insect, similar to an Ichneumon, was found, covering the patches of snow 
thickly. Only a few hundred feet lower, remarkable to say, not a single fly 
could be detected. They evidently had been blown up by the wind. 
HUALALAI AND PUUWAAWAA, NORTH KONA. 
From Kealakekua toward North Kona the forest is very uniform and of a 
similar nature to that between Kapua, South Kona, and Napoopoo. At the lower 
levels Kukui forms the main tree growth, together with introduced shrubs, such 
as lantana and guava. Coffee is extensively cultivated, also sisal, and in cer- 
tain localities sugar cane. The vegetation begins to become interesting at 
Huehue, near the lava fiows on the northern flanks of Hualalai, and reaches 
its culminating point at Puuwaawaa, the richest floral section of any in the 
whole Territory. 
It is only as recently as 1909 that this region was botanically explored. The 
whole country was until ten years ago a wilderness of lava fields, and only since 
the opening of the country through the government road, ten years ago, was 
this beautiful floral region made accessible. 
MT. HUALALAI AND ITS FLORAL ASPECTS. 
Mt. Hualalai, which is the smallest voleano on Hawaii, has an elevation of 
8273 feet. Its last eruption was in the year 1801, not from the summit, how- 
ever, but at an elevation of about 1800 feet, where huge lava masses poured 
forth which changed the coast line of the region about Huehue for twenty-five 
miles from a bay to a headland. This lava flow is still bare of vegetation, with 
the exception of a few ferns and weeds. 
The lowland belt is extremely arid, rainfall being exceedingly scaree. Opun- 
tia tuna grows gregariously and is associated with many other introduced plants, 
such as Leucaena glauca, Datura stramonium, Waltheria americana, Nicotiana 
tabacum, Acacia farnesiana, and many others. 
The interesting native vegetation, which is of a similar nature to that of 
Kapua in South Kona, begins at Huehue proper. Aleuwrites moluccana is still 
the principal tree, though as one advances toward Puuwaawaa it becomes more 
searce. Antidesma platyphyllum and Antidesma pulvinatum, besides Dracaena 
aurea (Halapepe), Maba, and their usual associates are predominant. In this 
49 
lwo. Bot. Garden 
1913 
