be observed. Asplenium adiantum nigrum, Asplenium trichomanes, Poly- 
podium pellucidum and Pellaea ternifolia, besides Psilotum triquetrum, rep- 
resent the eryptogams. 
About a mile above the government road Sophora chrysophylla (Mamani), 
together with Myoporum sandwicense, are the predominant species, with under- 
shrubs of Solanum incompletum, Campylotheca sp., and a Labiate vine of the 
genus Phyllostegia. Still higher up the lava fields are bare for a certain dis- 
tance, especially lava fields of more recent origin. The only plants observed on 
these flows are Rumex giganteus (Pawale), Gnaphalium sandwicense, Raillardia 
scabra, and xerophytie ferns, as just mentioned above. 
The region called Waihou is composed of a semi-wet forest and is situated 
at an elevation of 3500 feet. The predominant tree is first Metrosideros poly- 
morpha (Ohia lehua), which inhabits an old pahoehoe lava flow adjoining the 
rough aa lava fields; here the trees are about 40 feet high. This grove of Ohia 
lehua passes gradually into a more mixed forest, mainly Acacia Koa, Sophora, 
Myoporum, and Euphorbia lorifolia (Akoko), which in places is so thick that 
it is almost impossible to pass through it. A species of Urera grows quite tall, 
besides Cheirodendron Gaudichaudii, Suttonia Lessertiana (Kolea), lex, and 
others. Higher up oceur Pelea volcanica, Pipturus albidus, tree ferns, Cibotium, 
Broussaisia pellucida, and on the trunks of tree ferns, Clermontia coerulea. 
At 4500 feet, Metrosideros polymorpha (Ohia lehua) is stunted, as it grows 
on aa lava flows, which intersect the old forest with its trees of 80 feet in 
height at this elevation. It is the predominant tree on these flows; only ocea- 
sionally one observes Suttonia sandwicensis and S. Lessertiana. 
Vaccinium penduliflorum # var. gemmaceum assumes here the size of a tall 
shrub; here and there Stenogyne sessilis can be observed clinging to Ohia lehua. 
At 5000 feet, this vegetation gives place to a gravelly plain which is bordered 
on its northern and southern limits by heavily-forested hills or ancient craters. 
The principal trees on these hills are Acacia Koa, Ohia lehua, Styphelia tameia- 
meia, and Coprosma rhynchocarpa. This latter tree reaches quite a size in height 
and diameter of trunk, though nearly all trees are diseased, their trunks being 
all hollow and the abode of a species of sow bug (Philoscia angusticauda), which 
ean be found by millions. 
It is here that the wild native raspberry, Rubus Macraei (Akala), attains 
its most wonderful development; its runners vary from 10 to 15 feet in length 
and are two inches in diameter, climbing over Koa trees and trailing over the 
ground, thus forming almost impenetrable thickets. 
Here and there in the extensive barren lava fields and cinder plains are 
beautiful green hills covered with old giants of Acacia Koa, which from their 
elevation eseaped destruction by the fiery streams, and now appear like oases 
in a desert. 
On the northern border of this dismal plain, on the slopes of a crater, grows 
51 
