Rhamnaceae. 
base by the calycine cup. En ndocarp divided into three cocci, opening crateagiad Seeds 
‘Albu —Unarm 
with thick smooth testa, occasionally with small caer Ibumen p ed 
shrubs or trees with glabrou = more or less tomentose lea ves which are usually alter- 
nate, or opposite in one 0 walian gee es, ne to elongate, three to penninerv ed. 
th 
Flowers usually in axillary, ae  peaiialed cy mules or single. 
The genus Colubrina consists of about 15 species distributed mainly in trop- 
ical America and the warmer regions of North America. One is endemic in the 
Hawaiian Islands, and one is widely distributed in the tropics of the old world. 
Colubrina oppositifolia Brongn. 
auila. 
(Plates 110 and 111.) 
igtainie OPPOSITIFOLIA hey om Herb. Gray) H. Mann Proce. Am, Ac ad, 
VIT (1867) 161, et Fl. Haw Essex Inst. V. (1867) 178;—Wawra in Flora 
fi 
Isl. 
(1873) 170;—Hbd. Fl. Haw. Isl. (1888) 80;—Del Cast. . Ins. Mar. Pae. 
VI. (1890) 140; ;—Weberb. in Engl. et Prantl TH. 5. (1896) 4 
Am ee _— tree (and not a shrub) 10 to 12 m high with a — of ace 3 dm 
and more in diameter; — opposite, ovate or oblong 7 to 15 em long, 3 to 6 em wide, 
on ticles a 3 es , thin chartaceous, bright green on both sides, entire; penninerved, 
with a —— = ais Pee of each nerve on the lower face; flowers - 5 to 10 in an umbellate 
ads Dractiets at the bas e; aly gerd cree 3 mm, parted to ot middle; petals not ex- 
yx fren ene se the short stamens; anthers ovoid; style very short, three- 
not pa the Se ti hird; exocarp woody, not separ ating from the endocarp, 
pack 3; seeds reddish-brown, angular convex; cotyledons rather thick and fleshy, nearly 
as long and broad as the thin albumen; radicle short. 
This is the Kauila of South and North Kona, Hawaii. It is in the latter lo- 
eality that the tree is quite common, while in South Kona on the lava fields of 
Kapua the tree is quite scarce. Between Puuwaawaa and Huehue, on the slopes 
of Hualalai in North Kona, the tree reaches its best development. Trees 35 feet 
or more in height are not uncommon, with a trunk of often a foot or more in 
diameter. The bark is of a light brown color and scales off in large round 
flakes. It is associated with Kokia Rockii (Kokio), Mezoneurum Kawaiense 
(Uhiuhi), Myoporum sandwicense (Naio), and many others. 
The wood of this Kawila is harder than the Kawila (Alphitonia excelsa) of 
Kauai, Hawaii and Maui; it is exceedingly hard, close grained and of a dark 
red color, without black streaks such as occur in Alphitonia excelsa. 
The wood of this tree was used by the natives for spears on account of its 
hardness and durability. It is peculiar to the Hawaiian Islands, as it is not 
known from other parts of the world. A second species occurs in the islands, 
which is a small rambling shrub (Colubrina asiatica) and is at once distinguish- 
able by its alternate leaves. Its native name is Anapanapa or Kukuku. It is 
extremely poisonous and was often used for stupefying fish. It grows only 
near the sea. It is a cosmopolitan and is widely distributed over the tropics of 
the old world. 
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