MAMMOTH. 187 



be at tho Equator if the cold were great enough. "Wlieii the Arctic Circle stood in the latitude of 

 Paris, the bones of the Mammoth would be left over a little to the south of that latitude ; when tlio 

 Arctic Circle had moved on to Brussels, the band on which the bones would be left woidd be shifted 

 northwards in a corresponding degree ; so when it reached Copenhagen, or Hammerfest, a successive 

 advance would be made by the animals that lived in its temperature. This is, I think, the general 

 principle on which the dispersion of the remains of these animals is to be accounted for. 



Next I demur to the term " dicyclotherian." It is perhaps true to the letter, but I do not 

 think it is true in spirit. If I ask a man to dinner, and he comes in time for tho soup and stays 

 until after the dessert, he has no doubt been with me both before and after dinner; but no one 

 would say that it was a bond fide account of his visit so to express it. He was with me at dinner-time, 

 not before dinner, nor after dinner. It was so with the Mammoth. Elephants existed in the miocene 

 time, but polar Elephants were not known until the glacial epoch brought them into existence. 

 Their cycle was the glacial epoch. So far from theii- constitution being flexible and capable of 

 adaptation to great differences of cHmate, I imagine it to have been the very reverse. They came in 

 with the extreme cold and have gone out with the extreme cold. They did not " by a miracle of 

 Providence " survive the two epochs. The glacial cycle is a cycle itself, not a line separating two 

 cycles. They are essentially " Monocyclotherian," and were strictly " Monotherraal." The law 

 which has presided over the creation of species of Mammals remains undisturbed. There is still no 

 well-established instance of any species of Mammal having lived in two epochs. There seems, how- 

 ever, no physical necessity that it should be so. It is only that a new cycle implies a change of 

 condition, and consequent change of form in species. If the change in condition were only partial 

 on the globe, or trifling, we should have plenty of " dicyclotherian" species, and a proof of it is that 

 in the depths of the sea, where the changes of condition going on above, are of course less lelt, we 

 have dicyclotherian animals. • 



As to tho clothing of the Mammoth varying we of course can only indulge in conjecture. r)ishop 

 Heber, indeed, mentions seeing a young Elephant in the Ilimmalayahs as shaggy as a poodle, but 

 this does not go far. We do not find the full-grown Elephant putting on a shaggy coat on 

 ascending the Ilimmalayahs, and putting it off again when it comes down. The instances given by 

 Mr. Falconer are not pertinent. A Thibet dog taken into the Vale of Cashmere does not at once 

 discard his fur. It is only after a course of years that the difference of climate begins to tell. 



It is especially noteworthy that the same slight degree of difference which we see in existing 

 semi-circumpolar animals in their different countries also occur in this extinct species. It lived 

 undoubtedly for a very extended period, and yet the American species deviated as little from the 

 Old- World form as does the existing Spermoi'hilus Parryi from S. Eversmanni. This, I think, 

 shows — 1st. That it was an Arctic species, always living in a boreal land ; 2nd. That, as already 

 mentioned, during the latter part of tho life of the species (that is, subsequent to the return of 

 warmth), the conformation of America and its relations to the Old World were not materially dif- 

 ferent from what they are now, because we see the Mammoth had an American type as the 

 reindeer, moose, polar hare, and marmots have now ; 3rd. That the change consequent upon exposure 

 to different conditions of life having been once effected, no further alteration takes place through 

 mere lapse of time, but the species remains persistent through future ages, so long as the conditions 

 continue the same. 



OniER KxTiNcr Eli-piiants. — South of the Alps in Europe, a species named ELKriiAs iMEUiniox- 



