256 Dr. Frederick A. Dixey on the 
sexes, and also to a variable extent on the upper surface 
of the male. The whole range (except the last member, 
S 20) occurs constantly on the upper surface in the 
female, but shows a strong tendency to fuse with the 
dark marginal band of the wing. In both male and 
female of this species the conspicuous and persistent spot 
S 8 occupies a prominent position, being pushed back as 
it were towards the centre of the wing, and so causing an 
indentation in the submarginal row. In B. severina the 
series is generally less well-marked than in B. mesentina, 
being to a great extent fused with the dark marginal 
band; 8 10 and 11, however, which are absent in the 
latter insect, are mostly visible in B. severina 9. 
B. calypso is noticeable as having the present series 
particularly well-marked on the underside of the hind- 
wing ; in the female it is also well in view on the upper 
surface. Pinacopteryx larima, again, has the series well 
developed on the hindwing, and recalls some species of 
Synchloe and Ganoris by the prominence given to 8 8, 10, 
and 11. In several species of Belenois, as for instance 
B. teutonia ? and B. coronea, the fusion of the spots of 
series S with one another and with the dark apical and 
marginal area is almost or quite complete. (See B. 
peristhene, Fig. 14). 
The genera Appias, Catophaga, and Hiposcritia pre- 
sent us in many of their members with the same series, 
more or less developed. In H. lalage, for instance, 8 
1—9 are fairly well marked on the forewing (most 
distinctly on the underside); while some spots of the 
series are also in most cases visible on the hindwing. 
In the greater number of species, however, the series 
is so fused with the dark apical and marginal area as 
to be hardly distinguishable (as in O. zamboanga?), or 1s 
altogether obsolete (as in most specimens of A. nero). 
It is noticeable that the spot S 8, to which I have before 
drawn attention, is usually the last to disappear from the 
forewing; and that in many cases where § no longer 
exists aS a separately recognizable series, the place of S 
8 is indicated by a prominent projection inwards of the 
fused marginal area (Figs. 9,10, 11). The underside of 
the hindwing often retains traces of the submarginal 
series when the upper surface of one or both wings has 
entirely lost them (C. lankapwra ? and some specimens of 
A. nero). 
