Phylogeny of the Pierine. 259 
nimbice, C. anaitis, C. bithys, and to a less degree in 
Leodonta dysoni and SL. tellane. The close resemblance 
between the remarkable Pierine Huchewra socialis and 
C. bithys, in respect of the marking of the upper 
surface, may warrant us in identifying the corresponding 
portion of the wing in the former insect with the sub- 
marginal row S undoubtedly present in the latter 
(Bias: 1; 2). 
The series S having now been traced through several 
genera, until it, so to speak, loses itself in such gene- 
ralised, and apparently primitive forms as those pre- 
sented by Delias belladonna, Catasticta bithys and Hu- 
cheira socialis, it will be advisable to return to the genus 
Synchloe, and seek thereabouts for a new starting-point 
from which to pursue the same series through its 
developments in a fresh assemblage of genera which 
have not at present been noticed. Such a starting- 
point may be found in a comparison of S. daplidice 9 
with the female of almost any species of the genus 
Colias. A short examination will show that the same 
submarginal series exists in the latter genus. A good 
species for the purpose is C. hyale (Fig. 20), im which 
both sexes exhibit the series distinctly. The consti- 
tuent spots broaden out towards the costa and tend to 
become fused with one another and with the black patch 
at the apex. ‘I'his tendency is carried further in many 
species of Colias, particularly in the males, where, as in 
C. edusa, marginal and submarginal markings are fused 
together into a deep dark border. The females, how- 
ever, preserve the spots of the submarginal series in a 
more discrete condition. In most species of Colias S is 
well developed on the under surface, the component 
spots being usually black on the forewing, and on the 
hindwing orange or pinkish. Ina few species, such as 
C. phicomone and C. palwno, the series is obscured or 
absent. Meganostoma, which resembles Colias so closely 
in other respects, shows also the submarginal series on 
the under surface; usually as a row of somewhat faint 
pinkish dots, which are clearly identical with S in 
Colicas. 
Through Meganostoma the passage is easy to Gonep- 
terye and Amynthia. In G. rhamni and G. cleopatra no 
vestige of S is to be seen on the upper surface ; on the 
lower surface, however, of many of the males and most 
