262 Dr. Frederick A. Dixey on the 
Certain species of Nepheronia—for example, N. jodcea 
? and N, valeria ?—show the series S in a form that 
strongly recalls the condition of the same series in 
Metaporia agathon. In both Nepheronia and Kronia, 
however, S is very apt to be merged, especially on the 
upper surface, with the dark marginal area. The female 
of H. leda (Fig. 23) shows the first few spots of the 
series on the upper side of the forewing in a condition 
resembling that in some species of Callidryas, which 
resemblance applies also to the lower surface, where S 
occurs in a modified form on both wings, traces of the 
same series being likewise visible in the male. 
Summary.—Most of the members of the subfamily 
Pierine possess, in a greater or less state of develop- 
ment, a submarginal series of dark spots. The genera 
Synchloe, Belenois, Tatochila, and some species of Colias, 
amongst others, present the series in a fair state of 
completeness. In other members of Colias, and in 
several genera such as Ivias, Hebomoia, and Teracolus, the 
series is often less distinguishable, owing either to fusion 
of its constituent spots with each other and with the 
dark marginal area, or to suppression of some of their 
number. Relics of the series remain in Ganoris, Huchloe, 
and other genera, being especially persistent in the 
female sex; in Gonepteryz, Dercas, Callidryas, Pheebis, 
Catopsilia, and other allied genera, the series often 
undergoes curious modifications. The aspect of the 
series in such genera as Pontia, Huphina, Metaporia, and 
Nepheronia, suggests its development from portions of 
the original ground-colour left (by the formation and sub- 
sequent fusion of lighter patches in a dark or dusky area) 
as a dark band following the contour of the wing; and, 
finally, by an extension of the process, as a submarginal 
chain of spots. The possibility of such a mode of origin 
is well illustrated by the condition of the wings in many 
species of the Eastern genera Prioneris and Delias, and 
the Western Leodonta, Catasticta, and Hucheira. 
2. The dark marginal area or spots. 
In nearly all our common Pierinw we find a dark 
patch at the apex of the forewing; better marked, as a 
rule, in the females than in the males. In G. brassicx 
