Phylogeny of the Pierinee. 285 
tereas, H. critias, C. bithys, and C. anaitis, it most com- 
monly occurs in the inner division of the precostal and 
the internal space; in Leodonta zenobia and L. dysoni, in 
the precostal and costal. In L. tellane, besides the bright 
_ red patches of the precostal and costal spaces, scales of 
the same colour occur in the apices of the subcostal, 
submedian, and internal spaces—of all, in fact, except 
the median. Pereuwte leucodrosime has the precostal and 
costal red patches; so also has P. swainsonii; but in 
P. charops these spaces are occupied by yellow streaks 
with no accompaniment of red. 
Even in the genus Dismorphia, profoundly altered as 
it has been by mimicry, the same marks occur. D. melia 
has a conspicuous red spot in the inner division of the 
precostal space; while D. astyocha, D. praxinoe, and 
others possess a very clear representative of the same 
spot, with another one in the median interspace. The 
colour in these latter species is seldom so bright as in 
the first-named ; it displays, in fact, a tendency to become 
assimilated to the chestnut tinge of other portions of the 
wing; the spots are nevertheless quite recoguizable, and 
undoubtedly correspond with those in the former genera. 
In some species, such as D. nemesis, there is no red, but an 
indication of the yellow precostal streak is plainly visible. 
offering a very close resemblance to the females of Papilio poly- 
metus and some of its allies, in bringing about which resemblance 
the red areas of the hindwing take a considerable share. It is 
interesting to observe that good as is the general effect of the 
imitation by these Pierines of the Papilio pattern, the imitative 
process has its limitations, and is seen on a strict examination to 
fail in more than one particular. Thus, (1) the Pierine is able to 
produce an excellent representation of the Papilionine reds and 
yellows, but apparently it never reproduces the metallic blues and 
greens, of which touches are found in the males of several of the 
mimicked species; (2) the costal and submedian spaces in the 
Pierine invariably retain their yellow patches on the underside ; 
these are never yellow in the Papilio ; (3) the red basal patches 
on the underside of the Pierine give just the same general effect as 
similar patches on the Papilio ; but a close scrutiny will reveal the 
curious fact that the patches of the Pierine belong always to the 
wing, and those of the Papilio, in almost every instance, to the 
body. The wide distribution of the red basal patches among the 
Pierine forbids us to suppose that they were evolved for the pur- 
pose of mimicry in these few species ; but it is worth noting that 
their presence affords material ready to hand for a sufficiently 
deceptive though not absolutely exact copy of a conspicuous 
Papilionine feature. See also ncte on p. 298. 
