Phylogeny of the Pierine. 305 
of Huphina the yellow is very vivid, in some it is 
warmed into a rich orange, and it not infrequently, as in 
H. naomi, H. lea, and H. judith, appears on the upper 
surface as well. 
From the pattern of Huphina to that of Catophaga the 
passage is easy through such species as H. cassida, H. nabis, 
QO. paulina (Fig. 9), and C. ega. In the latter genus, as 
in the former, the dark ground-colour is retained in 
much larger measure by the females than by the males; 
the latter indeed (as in most specimens of C. galena &) 
have often lost it altogether. Other marks of speciali- 
zation shown by the male Catophagas are the sharply- 
pointed shape of the wings, and, above all, the presence 
of a tuft of long hairs springing from the base of each 
of the anal valves. All these characters belong equally 
to the next genus Appias (which indeed is not easily to 
be distinguished from Catophaga), though here the 
specialization of the males has in many forms been 
carried to a much greater extent, and is occasionally in 
some respects shared by the females, as in A. nero. In 
this insect the female shows the remains of the usual 
dark marginal and submarginal series standing out upon a 
ground colour of rich red almost as brilliant as that of the 
male, and altogether different from the ordinary Pierine 
white or yellow. The females, however, of A. celestina, A. 
clementina (Fig. 10), and others, do not depart, like the 
males, from the ordinary facies of the group, * and are 
indeed, barely distinguishable from the females of C. 
jacquinotii, C. alope, and other species of Catophaga. 
The assemblage of species united by Mr. Distant as 
Saletara (including S. panda, S. cycinna, ete.) is un- 
doubtedly an offshoot from the celestina group of Appias. 
In the three last-mentioned genera, although the two 
series S and M are generally more or less traceable, and 
although in most cases a decided remnant of ancestral 
black persists along the costa of the forewing, there is 
as a rule no relic of the original ground-colour in the 
region of the disco-cellular nervules; that is to say, 
there is no discoidal spot or patch. In Hiposcritia, how- 
ever, which is apparently an early and purely Indian off- 
shoot of Catophaga, some species (as H. pandione) 
exhibit an incipient discoidal patch, still in connection with 
* See Wallace, Trans, Ent. Soc. Lond., 3rd series, iv., p. 301. 
