Phylogeny of the Pierine. 317 
generalised members of the Hronia and Nepheronia 
group now extant.* 
The last-named insect presents points of resemblance 
with Hebomoia, which again seems to be an offshoot of 
the same stem, that, namely, leading from Teracolus 
towards Ivias and Colias. The pupa of Hebomoia 
glaucippe, as fioured by Horsfield (E. J. C. Catalogue, 
see Distant, Rhopal. Malayana, 1882—6, p. 283) and 
Moore (Lep. Ceylon, 1880—1, pl. 49, fig. 1b), is stout, 
moderately acuminate, and much recurved, in which 
particulars it agrees well with the pupa of Ivias. 
Most of the insects of the genera Hronia, Nepheronia, 
and Hebomova, retain in greater or less measure some por- 
tions of the primitive marginal and submarginal series. 
These, as usual, are most often to be met with in the 
females, and in several species of Nepheronia are utilised 
in the formation of mimetic patterns modelled on those 
of various Danaids and sometimes of other Pierines. A 
noticeable feature in some members of this group, per- 
taining chiefly to the males, is the brightening of the 
pale ground colour of the apex of the forewing into a 
brilliant yellow or orange patch. ‘his character is first 
seen in Teracolus, where the orange of the apex may 
further deepen into crimson or violet; it passes on to 
Hebomoia, to Ixias and to Rhodocera ; in Colias, however, 
it gives place to a general yellow or orange suffusion of 
the pale ground colour, still strongest in the males.t+ 
It is found in Hronia (?) lucasii and EH. leda, but not in 
other members of that genus; it is also absent in 
Nepheronia. 
* I. (?) lucasii was originally described (as Callidryas lucasi) by 
Grandidier (Rév. et Magas. de Zool., Aug. 1867, p. 273). He, 
however, took the female for the male, and his supposed female 
C. lucasi is really the female of Catopsilia thauruma. Mabille in 
the. Hist. Phys. Nat. et Pol. de Madagascar, vol. xviil., 1887, 
p. 281, gives a correct description of both sexes under the name of 
Eronia lucasii, but makes no mention of Grandidier’s mistakes. 
This species will not come into the genus Eronia as at present 
defined. By Brauer and others it has been called a Ptychopteryz ; 
the latter genus, however, was characterised by Wallengren from 
a species of Teracolus (T. subfasciatus, Swains., Vid. Trimen, 
South African Butterflies, vol. iii., 1889, p. 92), and has no real 
claim to stand. 
+ In many species of the latter genus, indeed, the females may, 
as is well known, revert almost entirely to the ancestral white. 
