Phylogeny of the Pierine. 321 
and red basal patches, present in all species of Hespero- 
charis, are in some (as H. nereis) marked with special 
distinctness. The curious manner in which these have 
been made use of in H. hirlanda for the production of 
a mimetic pattern, has already been fully discussed 
(p. 286). 
I cannot but think that U. monuste shows by its 
pattern that it stands on a level with Pieris as a 
derivative from the Catasticta group. Its neuration 
hardly differs from that of Pieris, and it would probably 
be more appropriately placed (together with its imme- 
diate allies, U. joppe, U. swasa, etc.) in or near that 
genus than with U. cynis in Mr. Distant’s genus Udaiana, 
as at present in the National Collection. 
The position of the genus Dismorphia is not easy to 
determine. ‘The pattern of those species that appear to 
have undergone least modification may, however, be 
derived without much difficulty from Pieris or Lepto- 
phobia ;* and the persistence in some cases of the red 
basal spots has already been remarked (see p. 285). The 
structure of the antenne points to the same line of 
ancestry. On the other hand, the very remarkable 
neuration is quite unlike that of Pieris; a certain 
approach to it, however, is made by Hesperocharis, which 
is almost without doubt a close ally of that genus. 
Moschoneurat is very nearly akin to Dismorphia, from 
which it differs only slightly in neuration; while the 
Palearctic genus Leptosia has characters which link it 
with both. We may probably regard the three last- 
named genera as terminal twigs of a branch now lost, 
which left the main stem at or near the genus Pieris, 
and of which Hesperocharis is a still earlier offshoot. In 
Dismorphia and a few species of Moschoneura much of 
the original colouring has been retained and modified for 
purposes of mimicry. In Leptosia and the remainder§ of 
Moschoneura this colouring has given way to the usual 
Pierine invasion of white. 
* A somewhat different and, as it seems to me, less probable view 
is advanced by F. Miiller, Jenaische Zeitschr., x., pp. 1-12. 
+ The figure in Cistula Entomologica, vol. i., pl. iv., fig. 9, omits 
the second discoidal of the forewing. 
{ The forewing is nearer to Dismorphia and the hindwing to 
Moschoneura. 
§ Pseudopieris of Godman and Salvin. 
