Papilio dardanus (merope) and Acrwa johnston, 285 
possessed by an interesting example, to be described below 
(see p. 290), showing the origin of tvophonius from triment. 
It is also possessed by two examples of the sub-species 
merope ° £. hippocoon in the National Collection. These 
specimens, both from the west coast, are represented in 
Plate XIX, Figs. 2 and 3. 
(B) Prominence of submarginal pale spots in hind-wing 
of trimeni, cic. 
Another primitive feature usually characteristic of 
triment is the large size and prominence of the sub- 
marginal pale spots in the black border of the hind-wing. 
These spots are of course persistent traces of the yellow 
ground colour of the male and unmodified female enclosed 
between the two black bands parallel with the hind-margin 
of the hind-wing. The band of ground colour is widest and 
most prominent between the root of the “tail” and the 
“inner gap,” as will be seen by a glance at Figs. 1-6 on 
Plate XVII. Furthermore this especially prominent patch 
is widest immediately on the inner side of the root of the 
“tail,” because it is here continuous with the ground 
colour in the “inner gap” (Plate X VII, Figs. 1-5) or enters 
the bay by which the closed gap is indicated (Fig. 6). It 
is precisely in this region, between the second and third 
median nervules, that the pair of submarginal spots even 
in the most specialized female forms often tend to be 
largest and most conspicuous. This is well seen in the 
cenea forms represented on Plate XVII, Figs. 8 and 11; 
and in the Aippocoon shown on Plate XIX, Figs. 2 and 3. 
In the more primitive ¢t7iment we expect to find and we 
do find these tendencies more marked and accompanied 
by a far higher degree of development of the whole series 
of paired submarginal spots on the hind-wing. The special 
size of the pair marking the position of the inner gap is well 
seen in the tibullus triment represented on Plate XIX, Fig. 1, 
and even better in the polytrophus trimeni of Plate XVII, 
Fig. 1. In this latter the two enlarged spots have fused into 
a single and prominent patch. The development of the 
series of submarginal spots in ¢vimenz is however far better 
seen in three specimens of this form of the sub-species 
polytrophus in the Hope Department,—specimens which in 
other respects were less instructive than that represented 
on Plate XVIII, Fig 1. 
We can at once understand by the study of the examples 
