124 (June, 
more males, because, presumably, one frequents generally open places 
oftener than thick undergrowth in jungles. We found from breed- 
ing that, if anything, more females than males are produced from any 
one given batch of eggs, the eges always being found in batches of from 
five or six to fifteen or so; now, in the male, which frequents open 
places (this insect always sits with its wings closed over its back), 
there are a number of white marks, very conspicuous at and near the 
base of both wings; in the female these are always entirely wanting, 
the under-side in that sex being plain, with the midrib distinct. 
Difference in size is always due to sufficiency, or otherwise, of 
food (that is apart from the seasonal-form difference in size) ; and 
those species whose larve feed upon a food which grows in great 
quantities covering miles of country, very rarely, if ever, show any 
difference in size, as Kallima, which feeds on Strobilanthes, an under- 
shrub which sometimes covers whole jungles, and MJelanitis, which 
feeds on grasses and rice or bamboos. I remember one year when 
Catopsilia crocale and Badamia exclamationis (a skipper) were so 
abundant as to denude every tree in the forests of their leaves (their 
food-plants being Terminalia belerica, one of the largest and commonest 
forest trees we have; and Cassia fistula, also a common tree, but 
smaller) ; the larve, when no more food was to be had on any tree, 
came down the stems in such numbers as actually to cover them to the 
extent that there was not room to touch the bark with a tip of a finger. 
Well, in that year, the differences in size of specimens of these two 
species was very marked. 
The habit of lying torpid in the imago state in this part of India 
(Kanara) has never come to my notice. Certain species of larve lie 
over for months sometimes (Zagiades atticus for example—a skipper), 
and other butterflies lie over in the pupal state as some of the Papilios 
(most notably P. nomius and panope or dissimilis), but these butterflies 
have no definite seasonal forms. Papilio nomius as imago is only 
found in the months from February to June, and never (as far as 1 know) 
in the months from July to January. ‘This is rather queer as the 
food-plant (Saccopetalum tomentosum) has leaves all the year round, 
but it is in young leaf in the hot weather only: hence probably the 
reason, the larva of the insect being probably so constituted that it 
cannot chew hard leaves, or its stomach so formed that it cannot 
digest them. Another curious thing is that, whereas in P. nomius the 
the larval and egg stages are normal in length, the pupal stage is so 
long; in Zagiades atticus, on the other hand, the larval stage is long, 
while the egg and pupal stages are normal: at the same time it may 
