OA 4) 
different parts of their geographical range, the southern forms 
being replaced respectively by echeria jacksoni and albimaculata 
hanningtoni in the equatorial parts of the eastern side of 
Africa. In the Oriental Region the even more dominant 
Eupleine group originated far more complex communities, 
probably in consequence of the development of further 
modifications of the male brands of one or both members 
of an ancestral pair, until synaposematic associations contain- 
ing 3, 4 or more species arose, widened their range and spread 
into islands. Thus each of the component species became at 
first different sub-species and finally distinct species in various 
parts of the total area of distribution. The synaposematic 
Heliconine pairs, on the other hand, may in large part have 
reached their present condition by continuing the history 
begun by the two African species of Amauris. I say “in 
large part”? because when Mr. Kaye very kindly arranged 
the Oxford Heliconine a few weeks ago we saw evidence for 
[xiii 
the recent abandonment of relatively ancestral patterns by 
certain species and the adoption of others which brought them 
into synaposematic relation with some more abundant 
Heliconine in the same locality. In giving this brief account 
of the hypothesis I am quite aware that the subject requires 
much fuller study. At the same time, I think it better not to 
wait for the more detailed examination which I hope to make, 
but to put the suggestion on record, in the hope that others 
may be led to further observation and reflection on the subject. 
[xlvii 
Papers, ete. 
Dr. F. A. Dixry, M.A., M.D., and Dr. G. B. Lonestarr, 
M.D., contributed a report of their joint entomological 
observations made in South Africa during the visit of the 
British Association in 1905, and gave a brief account of some 
of the points dealt with. 
Dr. Drxey said that his own part in the paper was small, 
though Dr. Longstaff had kindly wished to associate him in 
the authorship. The narrative was the work of Dr. Longstaff, 
aided by a few suggestions from himself, and that gentleman 
had also undertaken most of the labour connected with the 
