﻿OCEANOGRAPHY 
  — 
  STETSON 
  225 
  

  

  He 
  was 
  confident 
  from 
  the 
  slight 
  evidence 
  available 
  about 
  the 
  cur- 
  

   rents 
  that 
  this 
  could 
  be 
  accomplished, 
  although 
  many 
  predicted 
  that 
  

   he 
  would 
  never 
  return. 
  From, 
  was 
  a 
  heavily 
  constructed, 
  wooden 
  

   vessel 
  and 
  of 
  such 
  design 
  that 
  when 
  squeezed 
  in 
  the 
  ice 
  she 
  would 
  

   tend 
  to 
  lift 
  and 
  not 
  have 
  to 
  take 
  the 
  full 
  crushing 
  force 
  of 
  the 
  shifting 
  

   floes, 
  which 
  no 
  ship 
  has 
  ever 
  been 
  able 
  to 
  withstand. 
  She 
  was 
  frozen 
  

   in 
  off 
  the 
  New 
  Siberian 
  Islands 
  in 
  1893 
  and 
  emerged 
  from 
  the 
  ice 
  3 
  

   years 
  later 
  off 
  Spitzbergen. 
  The 
  Pole 
  was 
  missed 
  by 
  less 
  than 
  5°, 
  but- 
  

   many 
  valuable 
  hydrographic 
  data 
  were 
  obtained 
  through 
  holes 
  cut 
  

   in 
  the 
  ice 
  during 
  the 
  drift 
  across 
  the 
  then 
  unknown 
  Arctic 
  Basin, 
  

   and 
  the 
  first 
  bottom 
  samples 
  were 
  secured. 
  Fram, 
  after 
  several 
  sub- 
  

   sequent 
  trips, 
  is 
  now 
  preserved 
  as 
  a 
  national 
  monument 
  at 
  Oslo, 
  like 
  

   Nelson's 
  flagship 
  Victory 
  at 
  Portsmouth, 
  England, 
  and 
  the 
  Constitu- 
  

   tion 
  in 
  the 
  United 
  States, 
  an 
  honor 
  which 
  but 
  few 
  of 
  the 
  vessels 
  

   that 
  have 
  made 
  history 
  have 
  attained. 
  

  

  PROGRESS 
  IN 
  SUBMARINE 
  GEOLOGY 
  UP 
  TO 
  1900 
  

   GENERAL 
  STATEMENT 
  

  

  The 
  turn 
  of 
  the 
  century 
  roughly 
  divides 
  the 
  older 
  from 
  the 
  modern 
  

   phases 
  of 
  the 
  science 
  as 
  a 
  whole; 
  consequently 
  it 
  is 
  pertinent 
  to 
  give 
  

   a 
  brief 
  summary 
  of 
  progress 
  up 
  to 
  this 
  point, 
  before 
  the 
  advent 
  of 
  

   various 
  new 
  techniques 
  which 
  have 
  put 
  submarine 
  geology 
  on 
  a 
  par 
  

   with 
  the 
  other 
  subdivisions 
  of 
  oceanography. 
  

  

  Murray's 
  classification 
  of 
  sediments 
  

  

  Up 
  to 
  this 
  time 
  most 
  geologists 
  had 
  taken 
  little 
  interest 
  in 
  ocean- 
  

   ography. 
  They 
  accepted 
  Murray's 
  broad 
  and 
  rather 
  inclusive 
  classi- 
  

   fication 
  (Challenger 
  Expedition, 
  1891) 
  of 
  marine 
  sediments 
  without 
  

   critical 
  comment, 
  as 
  though 
  sediments 
  in 
  the 
  sea 
  and 
  sedimentary 
  

   rocks 
  on 
  land 
  were 
  unrelated 
  phenomena. 
  The 
  interest 
  of 
  the 
  ocean- 
  

   ographers, 
  where 
  sediments 
  were 
  concerned, 
  largely 
  centered 
  in 
  the 
  

   oozes 
  of 
  the 
  deep 
  sea; 
  and 
  though 
  plenty 
  of 
  shallow-water 
  samples 
  

   had 
  been 
  collected, 
  nobody 
  paid 
  much 
  attention 
  to 
  them. 
  Murray's 
  

   classification 
  became 
  standard 
  the 
  world 
  over, 
  and 
  for 
  that 
  reason 
  it 
  

   will 
  be 
  restated 
  here. 
  

  

  He 
  lumped 
  all 
  marine 
  sediments 
  in 
  two 
  main 
  categories 
  — 
  terrigenous 
  

   and 
  pelagic. 
  The 
  former 
  group 
  includes 
  all 
  sediments 
  consisting 
  of 
  

   waste 
  derived 
  from 
  the 
  land. 
  Once 
  outside 
  the 
  zone 
  of 
  littoral 
  and 
  

   shallow-water 
  deposits, 
  which 
  are 
  supposed 
  to 
  cease 
  at 
  100 
  fathoms, 
  

   the 
  terrigenous 
  sediments 
  covering 
  the 
  continental 
  slopes 
  and 
  parts 
  

   of 
  the 
  ocean 
  basins 
  nearest 
  the 
  land 
  are 
  pigeon-holed 
  in 
  five 
  divisions. 
  

   Blue 
  mud 
  is 
  characteristically 
  found 
  in 
  the 
  neighborhood 
  of 
  conti- 
  

   nental 
  land 
  masses. 
  Green 
  mud 
  is 
  a 
  variety 
  containing 
  glauconite 
  

  

  