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  ANNUAL 
  REPORT 
  SMITHSONIAN 
  INSTITUTION, 
  1943 
  

  

  with 
  the 
  dead 
  from 
  the 
  sea. 
  On 
  land, 
  swarms 
  of 
  mosquitoes, 
  flies, 
  and 
  

   other 
  insects 
  infested 
  the 
  country. 
  All 
  living 
  creatures 
  suffered 
  from 
  

   the 
  intense 
  heat. 
  Furthermore, 
  tropical 
  diseases 
  afflicted 
  the 
  

   population. 
  

  

  Worse 
  still, 
  the 
  normally 
  storm-free 
  region 
  was 
  visited 
  by 
  violent 
  

   thunderstorms, 
  cloudbursts, 
  and 
  other 
  torrential 
  rains 
  throughout 
  the 
  

   entire 
  length 
  of 
  El 
  Nino's 
  extension. 
  The 
  Chanchan 
  River 
  is 
  said 
  to 
  

  

  Figube 
  2. 
  — 
  Invasion 
  of 
  El 
  Nifio 
  into 
  the 
  Humboldt 
  Current 
  area 
  in 
  1941 
  (south- 
  

   ern 
  summer). 
  

   Warm 
  waters 
  of 
  El 
  Nifio 
  > 
  > 
  — 
  i 
  — 
  ► 
  * 
  

  

  Cool 
  waters 
  of 
  the 
  Humboldt' 
  

  

  have 
  risen 
  18 
  feet 
  in 
  1 
  day. 
  The 
  famous 
  inscriptions 
  at 
  Chan 
  Chan, 
  

   which 
  had 
  remained 
  little 
  changed 
  for 
  more 
  than 
  four 
  centuries, 
  were 
  

   almost 
  obliterated. 
  Railway 
  lines 
  were 
  washed 
  away. 
  

  

  In 
  1939 
  even 
  a 
  part 
  of 
  the 
  foundation 
  of 
  the 
  international 
  highway 
  

   bridge 
  in 
  northern 
  Peru 
  was 
  swept 
  off 
  with 
  the 
  flood. 
  A 
  creek 
  that 
  

   usually 
  could 
  be 
  waded 
  had 
  to 
  be 
  crossed 
  in 
  a 
  basket 
  attached 
  to 
  a 
  

   cable. 
  The 
  adobes 
  crumbled. 
  Streams 
  drowned 
  entire 
  valleys 
  or 
  

   overflowed 
  their 
  banks. 
  Crops 
  in 
  the 
  lowlands, 
  where 
  most 
  of 
  the 
  

  

  