﻿CAMOUFLAGE 
  — 
  FRIEDMANN 
  273 
  

  

  guise 
  brought 
  about 
  by 
  the 
  shape 
  and 
  contours 
  of 
  the 
  animals 
  

   involved. 
  

  

  As 
  might 
  be 
  expected, 
  morphological 
  (i. 
  e., 
  form) 
  resemblances 
  are 
  

   to 
  be 
  found 
  chiefly 
  among 
  smaller 
  creatures 
  whose 
  whole 
  lives 
  are 
  

   spent 
  against 
  unchanging 
  backgrounds, 
  i. 
  e., 
  creatures 
  that 
  are 
  en- 
  

   vironmentally 
  more 
  rigidly 
  fixed. 
  Also, 
  inasmuch 
  as 
  morphological 
  

   resemblances 
  are 
  generally 
  more 
  specifically 
  related 
  to 
  definite 
  items 
  

   in 
  the 
  surroundings 
  than 
  are 
  many 
  color 
  resemblances 
  (that 
  are 
  often 
  

   of 
  a 
  general 
  similarity 
  to 
  a 
  background 
  complex) 
  it 
  is 
  to 
  be 
  expected 
  

   that 
  these 
  special 
  resemblances 
  are 
  chiefly 
  to 
  such 
  things 
  as 
  leaves, 
  

   bark, 
  stems, 
  seaweed, 
  etc. 
  On 
  the 
  whole, 
  it 
  may 
  be 
  said 
  that 
  the 
  

   value 
  of 
  the 
  various 
  types 
  of 
  camouflaging 
  coloration 
  depends 
  upon 
  

   principles 
  of 
  visual 
  concealment 
  or 
  confusion, 
  while 
  the 
  morphological 
  

   resemblances 
  partake 
  more 
  of 
  the 
  nature 
  of 
  definite, 
  specific, 
  particu- 
  

   late 
  disguises. 
  For 
  purposes 
  of 
  simplification, 
  it 
  may 
  be 
  said 
  that 
  

   we 
  have 
  to 
  do 
  here 
  with 
  the 
  actual 
  modeling 
  of 
  the 
  body 
  and 
  not 
  

   with 
  constructive 
  shading. 
  

  

  We 
  have 
  already 
  seen 
  an 
  instance 
  of 
  leaf 
  resemblance 
  in 
  the 
  case 
  

   of 
  Kallima, 
  the 
  leaf 
  butterfly. 
  The 
  ends 
  of 
  the 
  wings 
  are 
  actually 
  

   shaped 
  like 
  the 
  stems 
  of 
  leaves 
  and 
  the 
  outlines 
  of 
  the 
  closed 
  wings 
  

   are 
  duplicates 
  of 
  the 
  periphery 
  of 
  leaves. 
  Even 
  more 
  elaborately 
  

   worked 
  out 
  is 
  the 
  leaf 
  resemblance 
  of 
  not 
  only 
  the 
  whole, 
  but 
  even 
  

   the 
  parts 
  of 
  such 
  leaf 
  insects 
  as 
  Chitomiscus 
  and 
  Cycloptera. 
  Aside 
  

   from 
  the 
  all-important 
  details 
  which 
  make 
  or 
  mar 
  the 
  effectiveness 
  

   of 
  the 
  disguise, 
  the 
  basic 
  common 
  element 
  in 
  all 
  leaf-resembling 
  

   creatures 
  is 
  thinness. 
  Whether 
  the 
  thinness 
  is 
  produced 
  by 
  a 
  dor- 
  

   soventral 
  flattening 
  or 
  depression 
  of 
  the 
  body 
  or 
  by 
  a 
  lateral 
  com- 
  

   pression, 
  the 
  creature 
  orients 
  itself 
  accordingly 
  with 
  respect 
  to 
  its 
  

   background, 
  just 
  as 
  we 
  found 
  in 
  the 
  types 
  of 
  shadow 
  elimination 
  in 
  

   butterflies. 
  Leaf 
  resemblance 
  is 
  found 
  not 
  only 
  in 
  insects, 
  but 
  also 
  

   in 
  some 
  fishes, 
  chameleons, 
  and 
  other 
  forms 
  of 
  animals. 
  

  

  Resemblance 
  to 
  bark 
  is 
  one 
  of 
  the 
  commonest 
  types 
  of 
  morphologi- 
  

   cal 
  disguise. 
  The 
  reason 
  for 
  this 
  is 
  that 
  all 
  barks 
  (in 
  spite 
  of 
  defi- 
  

   nite 
  specific 
  differences) 
  show 
  a 
  smaller 
  range 
  of 
  variation 
  than 
  do 
  

   all 
  leaves, 
  for 
  example, 
  and 
  at 
  the 
  same 
  time 
  the 
  bark 
  fauna 
  is 
  very 
  

   extensive. 
  Bark-resembling 
  creatures 
  include 
  many 
  moths, 
  beetles, 
  

   spiders, 
  tree 
  frogs, 
  climbing 
  lizards, 
  and 
  a 
  few 
  birds. 
  In 
  the 
  moths 
  

   alone, 
  many 
  distinct 
  families 
  have 
  produced 
  instance 
  after 
  instance 
  

   of 
  bark 
  resemblance. 
  

  

  Closely 
  connected 
  with 
  bark 
  resemblance 
  is 
  resemblance 
  to 
  lichen, 
  

   as 
  lichen 
  is 
  so 
  frequently 
  found 
  on 
  places 
  analogous 
  to 
  tree 
  trunks 
  

   ( 
  from 
  the 
  standpoint 
  of 
  their 
  inhabitants) 
  . 
  Not 
  only 
  do 
  we 
  find 
  the 
  

   same 
  range 
  of 
  animals 
  in 
  all 
  parts 
  of 
  the 
  world 
  with 
  lichenlike 
  ap- 
  

   pearances 
  or 
  with 
  strong 
  bark 
  resemblances, 
  but 
  we 
  even 
  find 
  animals 
  

   using 
  lichens 
  apparently 
  for 
  their 
  concealing 
  properties. 
  For 
  example, 
  

  

  