﻿432 
  ANNUAL 
  REPORT 
  SMITHSONIAN 
  INSTITUTION, 
  1943 
  

  

  of 
  the 
  Andean 
  area 
  down 
  to 
  Chiloe; 
  the 
  Pampid 
  subrace, 
  brachy- 
  

   cephalous 
  and 
  of 
  relatively 
  tall 
  stature, 
  of 
  the 
  Matto 
  Grasso 
  plateau, 
  

   the 
  Chaco, 
  the 
  Uruguayan 
  plains, 
  most 
  of 
  the 
  Pampa 
  region, 
  and 
  Pata- 
  

   gonia; 
  the 
  Brazilid 
  subrace, 
  of 
  medium 
  to 
  short 
  stature 
  and 
  heavy 
  

   torso, 
  tending 
  toward 
  dolichocephaly 
  [mesocephaly], 
  of 
  the 
  Ama- 
  

   zonian 
  and 
  Orinoco 
  watersheds, 
  most 
  of 
  the 
  coastal 
  forest 
  belt 
  flanking 
  

   the 
  Brazilian 
  highlands, 
  and 
  the 
  Buenos 
  Aires 
  region 
  ; 
  the 
  Lagid 
  sub- 
  

   race, 
  more 
  markedly 
  dolichocephalous, 
  of 
  medium 
  to 
  low 
  stature, 
  and 
  

   of 
  lighter 
  torso, 
  occupying 
  the 
  Brazilian 
  highlands, 
  and 
  the 
  Chonoan 
  

   and 
  Magellanic 
  archipelago. 
  

  

  In 
  general 
  it 
  can 
  be 
  said 
  that 
  the 
  Andean 
  region 
  is 
  more 
  dominantly 
  

   brachycephalic, 
  while 
  in 
  what 
  we 
  are 
  calling 
  the 
  open-country 
  belt 
  

   there 
  is 
  much 
  more 
  of 
  dolichocephaly. 
  In 
  rain-forest 
  areas, 
  apart 
  

   from 
  the 
  Colombian 
  coastal 
  region, 
  there 
  is 
  more 
  tendency 
  toward 
  

   mesocephaly. 
  These 
  broad 
  generalizations 
  are 
  subject 
  to 
  local 
  

   exceptions. 
  

  

  On 
  the 
  prehistoric 
  South 
  American 
  racial 
  types 
  our 
  data 
  are 
  like- 
  

   wise 
  very 
  sparse 
  and 
  inadequate, 
  particularly 
  for 
  the 
  tropical 
  rain- 
  

   forest 
  region. 
  None 
  of 
  our 
  prehistoric 
  human 
  remains 
  is 
  of 
  demon- 
  

   strated 
  great 
  age. 
  Ameghino's 
  claim 
  to 
  have 
  discovered 
  Tertiary 
  man 
  

   has 
  long 
  since 
  been 
  successfully 
  challenged 
  and 
  disproved. 
  In 
  the 
  hill 
  

   caves 
  of 
  Lagoa 
  Santa 
  in 
  southern 
  Brazil 
  and 
  in 
  the 
  sambaquis 
  (shell 
  

   heaps) 
  of 
  the 
  southeastern 
  Brazilian 
  coast 
  have 
  been 
  discovered 
  skel- 
  

   etal 
  remains 
  of 
  a 
  race 
  or 
  races 
  of 
  seemingly 
  considerable 
  age. 
  But 
  there 
  

   is 
  no 
  clear 
  evidence 
  of 
  very 
  great 
  age. 
  The 
  17 
  Lagoa 
  Santa 
  skulls 
  are 
  

   fairly 
  high 
  and, 
  with 
  one 
  exception, 
  dolichocephalous; 
  the 
  coastal 
  

   shell-heap 
  or 
  sambaqui 
  type 
  is 
  likewise 
  dolichocephalous 
  but 
  with 
  

   rather 
  low 
  forehead. 
  A 
  number 
  of 
  older 
  post-Pleistocene 
  remains 
  

   have 
  been 
  found 
  in 
  the 
  Pampas; 
  some 
  others 
  here 
  and 
  there 
  in 
  the 
  

   Andean 
  region, 
  such 
  as 
  the 
  Punin 
  skull 
  of 
  Riobamba, 
  Ecuador. 
  These 
  

   earlier 
  skulls 
  from 
  the 
  Pampa 
  and 
  Andean 
  region, 
  like 
  the 
  Lagoa 
  

   Santa 
  and 
  sambaqui 
  skulls, 
  are 
  consistently 
  long-headed, 
  and 
  many 
  

   of 
  them 
  show 
  other 
  seemingly 
  significant 
  similarities 
  with 
  some 
  of 
  the 
  

   living 
  peoples 
  such 
  as 
  the 
  Botocudo 
  and 
  Fuegians, 
  whom 
  Eickstedt 
  

   includes 
  in 
  his 
  Lagid 
  race. 
  5 
  

  

  From 
  such 
  evidence 
  as 
  we 
  have, 
  sparse 
  and 
  incomplete 
  though 
  it 
  be, 
  

   we 
  seem 
  to 
  be 
  on 
  fairly 
  safe 
  ground 
  in 
  concluding 
  that 
  earlier 
  man 
  in 
  

   South 
  America 
  was 
  long-headed, 
  6 
  that 
  the 
  broadheads 
  represent 
  a 
  

   later 
  stratum, 
  and 
  that 
  many 
  of 
  the 
  modern 
  Lagids 
  are 
  survivors 
  of 
  

   this 
  earlier 
  type 
  and 
  have 
  preserved 
  to 
  greater 
  or 
  lesser 
  degree 
  its 
  

   characteristics. 
  The 
  modern 
  Lagids, 
  or 
  at 
  least 
  many 
  of 
  them, 
  would 
  

   thus 
  seem 
  to 
  represent 
  the 
  more 
  primitive 
  type 
  of 
  South 
  American 
  

  

  5 
  Hrdltfka, 
  1912 
  ; 
  Eickstedt, 
  1934, 
  pp. 
  748-759 
  ; 
  Sullivan 
  and 
  Hellman, 
  1925, 
  Punln 
  

   calvarium 
  ; 
  Walter, 
  Cathoud, 
  and 
  Mattos, 
  1937. 
  Confins 
  man. 
  

   • 
  As 
  in 
  North 
  America 
  : 
  Stewart, 
  1940. 
  

  

  