﻿ABORIGINAL 
  SOUTH 
  AMERICAN 
  CULTURE 
  — 
  COOPER 
  433 
  

  

  man. 
  Whether 
  the 
  brachycephalic 
  type 
  or 
  types 
  developed 
  out 
  of 
  

   the 
  earlier 
  dolichocephalic 
  type 
  or 
  types, 
  or 
  represent 
  a 
  later 
  migra- 
  

   tion 
  into 
  South 
  America 
  across 
  the 
  Panama 
  bridge 
  or 
  the 
  Antilles, 
  is 
  

   an 
  open 
  question. 
  All 
  that 
  we 
  can 
  say 
  with 
  any 
  confidence 
  is 
  that 
  the 
  

   broadheads 
  appear 
  in 
  the 
  main 
  to 
  be 
  more 
  recent. 
  

  

  LINGUISTIC 
  STOCKS 
  

  

  As 
  our 
  evidence 
  stands 
  today, 
  there 
  are 
  more 
  linguistic 
  stocks, 
  by 
  

   probably 
  a 
  good 
  50 
  percent, 
  in 
  South 
  America 
  than 
  in 
  North 
  and 
  

   Middle 
  America 
  combined. 
  Our 
  most 
  important 
  recent 
  review, 
  Riv- 
  

   et's, 
  lists 
  77 
  such 
  South 
  American 
  linguistic 
  stocks. 
  In 
  view 
  of 
  our 
  

   scant 
  evidence 
  for 
  many 
  areas 
  and 
  peoples 
  and 
  of 
  our 
  lack 
  of 
  a 
  thor- 
  

   ough 
  analysis 
  of 
  the 
  evidence 
  we 
  have, 
  this 
  number 
  is 
  provisional 
  only. 
  

   In 
  all 
  probability 
  it 
  will 
  be 
  appreciably 
  increased 
  or 
  decreased 
  as 
  our 
  

   information 
  itself 
  and 
  the 
  analysis 
  thereof 
  become 
  fuller. 
  Particu- 
  

   larly 
  defective 
  is 
  our 
  information 
  for 
  the 
  Brazilian 
  highland 
  region, 
  al- 
  

   though 
  Nimuendajii 
  and 
  one 
  or 
  two 
  others 
  are 
  helping 
  to 
  clear 
  up 
  the 
  

   situation. 
  7 
  

  

  Of 
  these 
  77 
  stocks, 
  about 
  14 
  are 
  spoken 
  over 
  a 
  good 
  four-fifths 
  of 
  

   the 
  continental 
  area. 
  In 
  the 
  Andean 
  region, 
  passing 
  from 
  north 
  to 
  

   south, 
  Chibcha, 
  Quechua, 
  Aymara, 
  and 
  Araucanian 
  cover 
  nearly 
  the 
  

   whole 
  area. 
  Over 
  a 
  good 
  two-thirds 
  or 
  more 
  of 
  the 
  Orinoco- 
  Ama- 
  

   zonian 
  forest 
  belt 
  and 
  in 
  the 
  West 
  Indies 
  are 
  spoken 
  Arawak, 
  Carib, 
  

   Tupi, 
  Tucano, 
  and 
  Pano, 
  or 
  were 
  in 
  post-Columbian 
  times 
  spoken. 
  

  

  In 
  the 
  open-country 
  belt, 
  about 
  four-fifths 
  or 
  more 
  of 
  the 
  area 
  

   is 
  or 
  was 
  inhabited 
  by 
  people 
  of 
  Ge, 
  Guaycuru, 
  Charrua, 
  Puelche, 
  and 
  

   Tshon 
  stocks. 
  

  

  Most 
  of 
  the 
  remaining 
  63 
  stocks 
  are 
  scattered 
  over 
  the 
  rest 
  of 
  the 
  

   continent, 
  not 
  checkerboard 
  fashion, 
  or 
  at 
  random, 
  but 
  in 
  the 
  main 
  

   distributed 
  in 
  a 
  great 
  broken 
  crescent 
  extending 
  in 
  the 
  west 
  along 
  

   the 
  base 
  of 
  the 
  Andes 
  and 
  to 
  the 
  south 
  along 
  the 
  southern 
  borderis 
  

   of 
  the 
  Amazonian 
  forest 
  and 
  of 
  the 
  Brazilian 
  highlands 
  to 
  the 
  At- 
  

   lantic 
  coast. 
  This 
  marginal 
  distribution 
  may 
  be 
  explained 
  in 
  either 
  

   one 
  of 
  two 
  ways. 
  The 
  peoples 
  speaking 
  these 
  stocks 
  may 
  have 
  been 
  

   driven 
  to 
  marginal 
  areas 
  by 
  the 
  more 
  numerous 
  and 
  more 
  powerful 
  

   peoples 
  of 
  Arawak, 
  Carib, 
  Tupi, 
  and 
  other 
  stocks. 
  Or 
  else 
  we 
  may 
  

   assume 
  that 
  before 
  the 
  deployment 
  of 
  these 
  latter 
  through 
  the 
  Ori- 
  

   noco-Amazonian 
  belt, 
  this 
  area 
  was 
  occupied 
  by 
  a 
  very 
  great 
  number 
  

   of 
  peoples 
  of 
  distinct 
  linguistic 
  stocks, 
  and 
  that, 
  as 
  the 
  Arawak, 
  Carib, 
  

   Tupi, 
  and 
  others 
  spread 
  out 
  over 
  the 
  area, 
  these 
  earlier 
  residents 
  

  

  'Rivet, 
  1924, 
  pp. 
  639-707; 
  Nimuendajn 
  and 
  Lowie, 
  1937, 
  pp. 
  565-566. 
  For 
  linguistic 
  

   (and 
  tribal) 
  maps 
  of 
  South 
  America, 
  see 
  : 
  Rivet, 
  1924 
  ; 
  W. 
  Schmidt, 
  1926, 
  Atlas, 
  largely 
  

   utilizing 
  Rivet; 
  Krickeberg, 
  1922, 
  1939; 
  Pericot, 
  193©, 
  largely 
  based 
  on 
  previous 
  maps, 
  

   bibliography 
  ; 
  Krieger, 
  1935, 
  adapted 
  from 
  Krickeberg 
  and 
  Roth. 
  For 
  linguistic 
  maps 
  of 
  

   Middle 
  America, 
  see 
  Mason, 
  1940, 
  and 
  Johnson, 
  1940 
  ; 
  Thomas 
  and 
  Swanton, 
  1911. 
  

  

  