﻿434 
  ANNUAL 
  REPORT 
  SMITHSONIAN 
  INSTITUTION, 
  1943 
  

  

  took 
  ovei? 
  the 
  languages 
  of 
  the 
  invading 
  swarms, 
  thus 
  leaving 
  the 
  

   earlier 
  atomistic 
  distribution 
  of 
  stocks 
  on 
  the 
  uninvaded 
  margins 
  of 
  

   the 
  area. 
  We 
  have 
  many 
  instances, 
  historically 
  and 
  ethnologically 
  

   verified, 
  of 
  such 
  change 
  of 
  language 
  as 
  a 
  result 
  of 
  Tupi, 
  Carib, 
  and 
  

   Arawak 
  invasion 
  or 
  contact. 
  

  

  At 
  any 
  rate, 
  the 
  distribution 
  of 
  stocks 
  in 
  South 
  America 
  is 
  in 
  itself 
  

   evidence 
  of 
  very 
  wide 
  migrations 
  and 
  drifts, 
  many 
  of 
  them 
  estab- 
  

   lished 
  historically 
  — 
  migrations 
  and 
  drifts 
  facilitated 
  by 
  the 
  lack 
  of 
  

   great 
  natural 
  barriers 
  over 
  the 
  vast 
  lowland 
  areas 
  of 
  the 
  continent, 
  

   and 
  stimulated 
  to 
  a 
  considerable 
  extent, 
  within 
  the 
  horticultural 
  belt 
  

   by 
  the 
  prevalent 
  milpa 
  agriculture, 
  8 
  and 
  for 
  the 
  Tupi, 
  by 
  the 
  ancient 
  

   and 
  deep-seated 
  tradition 
  of 
  a 
  distant 
  Utopia 
  beckoning 
  them 
  on. 
  9 
  

  

  CULTURE 
  

   A. 
  AKEAL 
  DISTRIBUTION 
  

  

  For 
  purposes 
  of 
  description 
  and 
  interpretation, 
  the 
  aboriginal 
  cul- 
  

   tures 
  of 
  South 
  America 
  may 
  be 
  classified 
  regionally 
  into 
  three 
  large 
  

   divisions, 
  the 
  areas 
  occupied 
  by 
  these 
  divisions 
  corresponding 
  roughly 
  

   to 
  the 
  Andean 
  uplands, 
  the 
  forested 
  Orinoco-Amazon 
  lowlands, 
  and 
  

   what 
  we 
  have 
  called 
  the 
  open-country 
  belt. 
  For 
  convenience 
  we 
  are 
  

   calling 
  these 
  three 
  cultural 
  groupings 
  the 
  Sierral, 
  the 
  Silval, 
  and 
  the 
  

   Marginal, 
  respectively. 
  The 
  Marginal 
  is 
  so 
  denominated 
  in 
  view 
  of 
  

   the 
  fact 
  that 
  technologically 
  it 
  is 
  simpler 
  than 
  either 
  of 
  the 
  other 
  two 
  

   and 
  that 
  regionally 
  it 
  borders 
  on 
  10 
  and 
  is 
  marginal 
  to 
  the 
  Sierral 
  

   and 
  Silval 
  areas. 
  11 
  

  

  1. 
  Marginal 
  culture. 
  — 
  In 
  this 
  grouping 
  we 
  include 
  the 
  Ge-speaking 
  

   peoples 
  (provisionally) 
  and 
  the 
  Botocudo 
  (Borun), 
  Masakali 
  Pataso, 
  

   Puri, 
  Waitaka, 
  and 
  others 
  of 
  eastern 
  Brazil, 
  together 
  with 
  the 
  

   Bororo, 
  Guato, 
  and 
  Guayaki, 
  as 
  well 
  as 
  the 
  peoples 
  of 
  the 
  Chaco, 
  of 
  

   the 
  Uruguayan 
  plains, 
  of 
  the 
  Argentine 
  Pampa 
  and 
  of 
  Patagonia, 
  and 
  

   the 
  Ona, 
  Yahgan, 
  Alacaluf 
  , 
  Chono, 
  and 
  Chango 
  — 
  who, 
  in 
  the 
  main, 
  

   may 
  be 
  looked 
  upon 
  as 
  externally 
  marginal 
  to 
  the 
  Sierral 
  and 
  Silval 
  

   areas 
  ; 
  and 
  also 
  certain 
  peoples 
  now 
  or 
  until 
  recently 
  of 
  very 
  simple 
  

   culture 
  such 
  as 
  the 
  Yaruro, 
  Makii, 
  Schiriana, 
  Waika, 
  Bahuna, 
  Huhu- 
  

  

  « 
  M. 
  Schmidt, 
  1917 
  ; 
  cf. 
  Cook, 
  1921. 
  

  

  » 
  Mfitraux, 
  1928, 
  pp. 
  201-224. 
  

  

  m 
  We 
  have 
  no 
  satisfactory 
  comprehensire 
  description 
  of 
  South 
  American 
  culture. 
  Kricke- 
  

   berg, 
  1922 
  and 
  1939, 
  and 
  Nordenskiold, 
  1912b, 
  come 
  nearest, 
  but 
  much 
  new 
  material 
  has 
  

   come 
  out 
  in 
  these 
  last 
  two 
  or 
  three 
  decades. 
  Stout, 
  1938, 
  has 
  a 
  good 
  short 
  summary. 
  The 
  

   Handbook 
  of 
  South 
  American 
  Indians, 
  now 
  being 
  prepared 
  by 
  the 
  Smithsonian 
  Institution, 
  

   under 
  the 
  able 
  direction 
  of 
  Dr. 
  Julian 
  H. 
  Steward, 
  with 
  the 
  cooperation 
  of 
  a 
  group 
  of 
  

   specialists, 
  will 
  be 
  published 
  about 
  1944 
  or 
  1945. 
  For 
  West 
  Indies 
  see: 
  Fewkes, 
  1907; 
  

   Loven, 
  1935. 
  For 
  Panama 
  region 
  : 
  Lothrop, 
  1937. 
  

  

  '« 
  Wissler, 
  1917, 
  used 
  a 
  fivefold 
  division. 
  Krickeberg, 
  1922, 
  adopted 
  a 
  twofold 
  one 
  : 
  

   Naturvolker, 
  with' 
  six 
  subdivisions, 
  and 
  Kulturvolker, 
  with 
  four 
  subdivisions 
  ; 
  in 
  1939, 
  a 
  

   threefold 
  one 
  : 
  collectors, 
  gardeners, 
  and 
  KulturvSlker. 
  Stout, 
  1938, 
  has 
  worked 
  out 
  a 
  

   ninefold 
  division, 
  his 
  Nos. 
  4-6 
  corresponding 
  roughly 
  to 
  our 
  Sierral, 
  No. 
  7 
  to 
  our 
  Silval, 
  

   the 
  remaining 
  five 
  to 
  our 
  Marginal. 
  

  

  