﻿ABORIGINAL 
  SOUTH 
  AMERICAN 
  CULTURE 
  — 
  COOPER 
  435 
  

  

  teni, 
  Katapolitani, 
  Mura, 
  and 
  Sirono, 
  who 
  are 
  found 
  widely 
  scattered 
  

   here 
  and 
  there 
  in 
  the 
  Silval 
  area 
  as 
  internally 
  Marginal 
  groups. 
  (See 
  

   fig. 
  1.) 
  The 
  externally 
  Marginal 
  peoples 
  occupy 
  most 
  of 
  our 
  open- 
  

   country 
  belt, 
  except 
  such 
  sections 
  of 
  the 
  forested 
  land 
  therein 
  as 
  are 
  

   or 
  were 
  occupied 
  by 
  horticultural 
  tribes, 
  mostly 
  Tupi. 
  12 
  Some 
  of 
  the 
  

   foregoing 
  tribes, 
  such 
  as 
  the 
  Ge, 
  Mura, 
  and 
  Siriono, 
  may 
  later 
  turn 
  out 
  

   to 
  be 
  culturally 
  retrogressed 
  Silval 
  peoples. 
  

  

  Between 
  these 
  many 
  Marginal 
  peoples 
  one 
  finds 
  very 
  numerous 
  

   and 
  profound 
  regional 
  and 
  tribal 
  divergences 
  of 
  culture. 
  13 
  But 
  un- 
  

   derlying 
  these 
  divergences 
  there 
  exists 
  very 
  considerable 
  uniformity 
  

   of 
  culture 
  both 
  in 
  what 
  is 
  present 
  and 
  in 
  what 
  is 
  absent. 
  

  

  We 
  may 
  sum 
  up 
  this 
  basic 
  uniformity 
  about 
  as 
  follows: 
  Food- 
  

   getting 
  by 
  hunting, 
  fishing 
  and 
  gathering, 
  with 
  horticulture 
  either 
  

   absent 
  or 
  only 
  rudimentary 
  or 
  less 
  developed 
  among 
  most 
  groups 
  ; 
  no 
  

   domestic 
  animals 
  except 
  the 
  dog, 
  and 
  even 
  the 
  dog 
  absent 
  here 
  and 
  

   there; 
  more 
  commonly 
  no 
  stimulants 
  (alcoholic 
  beverages, 
  tobacco, 
  

   coca), 
  or 
  else 
  demonstrably 
  or 
  probably 
  of 
  relatively 
  recent 
  or 
  even 
  

   post-Columbian 
  introduction; 
  pottery 
  very 
  often 
  absent 
  or, 
  where 
  

   present, 
  of 
  relatively 
  crude 
  type; 
  clothing 
  and 
  adornment 
  usually 
  

   either 
  very 
  meager 
  or 
  very 
  simple; 
  weaving 
  absent 
  or 
  at 
  best 
  rudi- 
  

   mentary; 
  shelter 
  of 
  the 
  simplest, 
  such 
  as 
  the 
  lean-to, 
  beehive 
  hut 
  

   (pi. 
  3, 
  upper), 
  and 
  so 
  forth; 
  mats 
  or 
  skins 
  on 
  ground 
  for 
  sleeping; 
  

   use 
  of 
  stone, 
  bone, 
  or 
  wood 
  for 
  weapons 
  and 
  utensils, 
  with 
  practically 
  

   complete 
  absence 
  of 
  metals; 
  unusually 
  long 
  bows 
  and 
  arrows 
  among 
  

   many 
  of 
  the 
  internally 
  Marginal 
  and 
  northern 
  externally 
  Marginal 
  

   peoples 
  ; 
  fire-making 
  by 
  drill 
  over 
  most 
  of 
  the 
  area, 
  but 
  by 
  the 
  per- 
  

   cussion 
  method 
  in 
  the 
  Magellanic 
  archipelago 
  and 
  among 
  the 
  

   Guayaki 
  and 
  some 
  Tehuelche; 
  cannibalism 
  absent 
  or 
  practically 
  so; 
  

   well-organized 
  ^family 
  system 
  with 
  prevalent 
  monogamy 
  or 
  simple 
  

  

  12 
  For 
  the 
  convenience 
  of 
  readers 
  who 
  may 
  desire 
  to 
  follow 
  through 
  or 
  check 
  up 
  on 
  the 
  

   content 
  of 
  the 
  culture 
  of 
  these 
  Marginal 
  peoples, 
  the 
  more 
  important 
  first-hand 
  and 
  second- 
  

   hand 
  sources, 
  many 
  of 
  them 
  containing 
  bibliographies, 
  are 
  here 
  listed. 
  G§ 
  and 
  other 
  eastern 
  

   Brazilian 
  marginals 
  : 
  Ploetz 
  and 
  M6traux, 
  1929 
  ; 
  M6traux, 
  1939 
  ; 
  Snethlage, 
  1930 
  ; 
  Nimu- 
  

   endajfl, 
  1938, 
  1939, 
  1942b 
  ; 
  Nimuendajtl 
  and 
  Lowie, 
  1937, 
  1939 
  ; 
  Lowie, 
  1940b, 
  pp. 
  423-439, 
  

   1941; 
  Henry, 
  1941. 
  Boror6 
  : 
  Colbacchini, 
  [1924]; 
  Levi-Strauss, 
  1936; 
  von 
  den 
  Steinen, 
  

   1894. 
  Guat6 
  : 
  M. 
  Schmidt, 
  1905, 
  1914. 
  Guayaki 
  : 
  Vellard, 
  1934. 
  Chaco 
  : 
  no 
  satisfactory 
  

   survey 
  available 
  that 
  embodies 
  the 
  newer 
  data 
  from 
  the 
  many 
  scattered 
  sources 
  ; 
  a 
  thorough 
  

   one 
  by 
  M6traux 
  about 
  completed 
  but 
  not 
  yet 
  published 
  ; 
  short 
  surveys 
  in 
  Krickeberg, 
  1922, 
  

   pp. 
  293-305, 
  and 
  1939, 
  pp. 
  108-117; 
  cf. 
  also 
  Nordenskiold, 
  1919, 
  1920; 
  bibliography 
  in 
  

   Pericot, 
  1936. 
  Uruguay 
  and 
  Parana 
  delta 
  : 
  Lothrop, 
  1932 
  ; 
  Rivet, 
  1930. 
  Argentine 
  Pampa 
  

   and 
  Patagonia 
  : 
  Outes 
  and 
  Bruch, 
  1910 
  ; 
  Palavecino, 
  1934. 
  Ona, 
  Yahgan, 
  Alacaluf 
  (Chono) 
  : 
  

   Gusinde, 
  1931, 
  1937 
  ; 
  Lothrop, 
  1928 
  ; 
  Cooper, 
  1917. 
  Chango 
  : 
  Latcham, 
  1910. 
  Yaruro 
  : 
  

   Petrullo, 
  1939. 
  Schirianfi, 
  Waika, 
  Makti, 
  Bahuna, 
  Huhtlteni, 
  Katapolitani 
  : 
  Koch-Griinberg, 
  

   1906a, 
  1906b, 
  1922, 
  and 
  1923, 
  pp. 
  248-319. 
  The 
  Bahuna, 
  Dr. 
  Irving 
  Goldman 
  informs 
  me 
  

   from 
  his 
  field 
  studies 
  in 
  the 
  area, 
  are 
  a 
  sib 
  rather 
  than 
  a 
  tribe 
  ; 
  there 
  is 
  some 
  question, 
  too, 
  

   as 
  to 
  the 
  correctness 
  of 
  Koch-Grunberg's 
  assumption 
  that 
  the 
  Schiriana 
  and 
  others 
  had 
  

   only 
  recently 
  adopted 
  horticulture. 
  Mura, 
  Sirion6 
  : 
  extremely 
  meager 
  data 
  available 
  ; 
  for 
  

   Mura, 
  cf. 
  Tastevin, 
  1923 
  ; 
  Bates, 
  1892, 
  pp. 
  166-170 
  ; 
  for 
  sources 
  on 
  Sirion6, 
  see 
  Pericot, 
  1936 
  ; 
  

   Gillin, 
  1940, 
  p. 
  648. 
  Four 
  subdivisions 
  of 
  the 
  South 
  American 
  Marginals 
  are 
  suggested 
  in 
  

   Cooper, 
  1942. 
  

  

  14 
  As 
  among 
  Marginals 
  elsewhere, 
  as 
  Lowie, 
  1940a, 
  pp. 
  417—418, 
  has 
  recently 
  emphasized. 
  

  

  