﻿440 
  ANNUAL 
  REPORT 
  SMITHSONIAN 
  INSTITUTION, 
  194 
  3 
  

  

  1. 
  European 
  and 
  Negro 
  Diffusion 
  : 
  Post-Columbian 
  

  

  A 
  very 
  great 
  number 
  of 
  important 
  elements, 
  widespread 
  among 
  and 
  

   well 
  integrated 
  into 
  contemporary 
  aboriginal 
  South 
  American 
  culture, 
  

   are, 
  as 
  is 
  well 
  known, 
  due 
  to 
  introduction 
  by 
  Europeans 
  since 
  1492. 
  

   Such 
  are, 
  for 
  instance, 
  among 
  domesticated 
  plants, 
  sugarcane, 
  banana, 
  

   watermelon; 
  among 
  domesticated 
  animals, 
  the 
  horse, 
  cattle, 
  sheep, 
  

   goats, 
  pigs, 
  chickens; 
  firearms; 
  weapons, 
  utensils', 
  and 
  tools 
  of 
  iron; 
  

   perhaps 
  the 
  pellet-bow 
  ; 
  and 
  of 
  course 
  many 
  social, 
  economic, 
  political, 
  

   and 
  religious 
  concepts 
  and 
  practices. 
  Some 
  less 
  widespread 
  and 
  less 
  

   significant 
  elements 
  are 
  traceable 
  to 
  post-Columbian 
  Negro 
  influence, 
  

   such 
  as 
  the 
  marimba, 
  and 
  specific 
  types 
  of 
  African 
  drum. 
  18 
  

  

  2. 
  Aboriginal, 
  Diffusion 
  and 
  Sequence 
  : 
  Since 
  Ciroa 
  A. 
  D. 
  1000 
  

  

  With 
  the 
  historical, 
  ethnological, 
  and 
  archeological 
  data 
  at 
  our 
  com- 
  

   mand 
  today 
  we 
  are 
  able 
  to 
  plot 
  for 
  a 
  great 
  many 
  cultural 
  elements, 
  

   complexes, 
  clusters, 
  and 
  types 
  the 
  diffusion 
  routes 
  that 
  can 
  be 
  chron- 
  

   ologically 
  classified 
  as 
  of 
  post-Columbian 
  times 
  or 
  else 
  as 
  of 
  the 
  centu- 
  

   ries 
  immediately 
  preceding 
  the 
  Discovery, 
  and 
  consequently 
  relatively 
  

   recent. 
  Some 
  of 
  these 
  diffusions 
  are 
  demonstrable 
  or 
  practically 
  so, 
  

   others 
  rest 
  on 
  reasonable 
  probabilities. 
  Such 
  diffusions 
  of 
  course 
  pre- 
  

   suppose 
  and 
  are 
  temporally 
  posterior 
  to 
  the 
  rise 
  and 
  establishment 
  of 
  

   the 
  respective 
  cultures 
  involved. 
  If 
  we 
  strip 
  them 
  off 
  the 
  cultural 
  pic- 
  

   ture 
  of 
  modern 
  aboriginal 
  South 
  America 
  we 
  can 
  see 
  a 
  little 
  more 
  

   clearly 
  the 
  broader 
  outlines 
  of 
  cultural 
  distribution 
  in 
  South 
  America 
  

   several 
  centuries 
  before 
  the 
  Discovery 
  — 
  say 
  about 
  the 
  year 
  A. 
  D. 
  1000, 
  

   to 
  select 
  a 
  more 
  or 
  less 
  arbitrary 
  date. 
  Diffusion 
  of 
  cultural 
  elements 
  

   from 
  the 
  Marginal 
  peoples 
  to 
  the 
  Silval 
  and 
  Sierral 
  has 
  seemingly 
  

   been 
  minimal. 
  Diffusion 
  has 
  occurred 
  almost 
  exclusively 
  from 
  and 
  

   within 
  the 
  Sierral 
  and 
  Silval 
  cultures. 
  In 
  each 
  there 
  have 
  been 
  certain 
  

   marked 
  major 
  diffusions 
  and 
  others 
  of 
  minor 
  significance. 
  Let 
  us 
  

   begin 
  with 
  the 
  Sierral. 
  

  

  a. 
  Diffusion 
  within 
  and 
  from 
  Sierral 
  culture. 
  — 
  Two 
  major 
  Sierral 
  

   diffusions 
  may 
  be 
  distinguished, 
  one 
  definitely 
  tied 
  up 
  with 
  the 
  rise 
  

   and 
  spread 
  of 
  the 
  Inca 
  Empire, 
  the 
  other 
  of 
  less 
  determinable 
  prov- 
  

   enance. 
  In 
  the 
  two 
  or 
  three 
  centuries 
  prior 
  to 
  the 
  coming 
  of 
  the 
  

   Spaniards 
  the 
  Inca 
  Empire 
  developed 
  and 
  spread 
  from 
  around 
  Cuzco 
  

   to 
  the 
  north 
  along 
  the 
  Andes 
  as 
  far 
  as 
  northern 
  Ecuador 
  and 
  to 
  the 
  

   south 
  as 
  far 
  as 
  the 
  Rio 
  Maule 
  in 
  central 
  Chile 
  and 
  along 
  the 
  eastern 
  

   slope 
  of 
  the 
  Andes 
  to 
  the 
  Diaguita 
  territory 
  carrying 
  with 
  it 
  a 
  great 
  

  

  18 
  Post-Columbian 
  white 
  influence 
  : 
  Nordenskiold, 
  1919, 
  pp. 
  232-234 
  ; 
  1920, 
  pp. 
  119-126, 
  

   197-202 
  ; 
  1930, 
  ch. 
  7. 
  Post-Columbian 
  Negro 
  influence 
  : 
  Nordenskiold, 
  1930, 
  ch. 
  7 
  ; 
  Iziko- 
  

   witz, 
  1935, 
  p. 
  415. 
  Pellet-bow 
  : 
  Nordenskiold, 
  1919, 
  pp. 
  48-51, 
  evidence 
  for 
  post-Columbian 
  

   origin 
  ; 
  Friederici, 
  1920, 
  p. 
  186, 
  for 
  pre-Columbian 
  origin. 
  

  

  