﻿ABORIGINAL 
  SOUTH 
  AMERICAN 
  CULTURE 
  — 
  COOPER 
  441 
  

  

  number 
  of 
  elements 
  which 
  we 
  have 
  previously 
  listed 
  as 
  typical 
  of 
  the 
  

   Sierral 
  culture. 
  (See 
  fig. 
  2.) 
  19 
  

  

  Partly 
  in 
  pre-Columbian 
  times 
  (Tnca 
  and 
  presumably 
  pre-Inca), 
  

   partly 
  in 
  post-Columbian 
  times, 
  many 
  of 
  the 
  typical 
  Sierral 
  elements 
  

   drifted 
  south 
  into 
  Araucanian 
  territory. 
  Such 
  elements 
  include, 
  to- 
  

   gether 
  with 
  others 
  of 
  less 
  importance, 
  irrigation 
  and 
  possibly 
  quinoa 
  

   and 
  the 
  white 
  potato, 
  the 
  domestication 
  of 
  the 
  llama, 
  wool 
  weaving, 
  

   certain 
  pottery 
  types, 
  metal 
  work 
  in 
  silver, 
  and 
  the 
  quipu. 
  In 
  post- 
  

   Columbian 
  times 
  prior 
  to 
  the 
  middle 
  of 
  the 
  eighteenth 
  century 
  the 
  

   Araucanians 
  deployed 
  far 
  out 
  over 
  the 
  Pampas 
  toward 
  the 
  Atlantic 
  

   coast, 
  carrying 
  with 
  them 
  their 
  culture, 
  many 
  elements 
  of 
  which 
  

   through 
  contact 
  diffused 
  well 
  north 
  and 
  south 
  of 
  the 
  central 
  Pampas. 
  

   Some 
  time 
  between 
  the 
  dates 
  1670 
  and 
  1741 
  this 
  Araucanian 
  influence 
  

   profoundly 
  modified 
  the 
  culture 
  of 
  the 
  Tehuelche 
  to 
  the 
  south 
  of 
  the 
  

   Pampas 
  proper 
  as 
  far 
  as 
  the 
  southern 
  limit 
  of 
  the 
  Tehuelche 
  territory 
  

   at 
  the 
  Strait 
  of 
  Magellan. 
  The 
  culture 
  of 
  the 
  Tehuelche 
  as 
  recorded 
  

   in 
  our 
  20 
  sources 
  from 
  1520 
  to 
  1670 
  differed 
  markedly 
  from 
  it 
  as 
  re- 
  

   corded 
  consistently 
  from 
  1741 
  on, 
  and 
  the 
  majority 
  of 
  the 
  new 
  elements 
  

   are 
  obviously 
  of 
  Araucanian 
  origin. 
  20 
  

  

  Through 
  trade 
  and 
  other 
  contacts 
  a 
  good 
  deal 
  of 
  Sierral 
  culture 
  has 
  

   filtered 
  down 
  from 
  the 
  highlands 
  into 
  the 
  adjacent 
  wooded 
  lower 
  

   eastern 
  slopes 
  of 
  the 
  Andes. 
  But 
  in 
  general 
  only 
  minor 
  Sierral 
  in- 
  

   fluences, 
  some 
  of 
  them 
  at 
  least 
  recent 
  post-Columbian, 
  are 
  discernible 
  

   in 
  the 
  Silval 
  and 
  Marginal 
  regions. 
  Such 
  in 
  the 
  Silval 
  region 
  are 
  

   probably 
  elements 
  such 
  as 
  coca 
  chewing, 
  the 
  feather 
  fire-fan, 
  and 
  the 
  

   Panpipe. 
  21 
  Among 
  the 
  seemingly 
  Sierral 
  elements 
  in 
  Chaco 
  culture 
  

   are 
  the 
  feather 
  fire-fan, 
  games 
  of 
  chance, 
  sandal 
  and 
  fillet, 
  and 
  certain 
  

   textile 
  and 
  fictile 
  patterns. 
  22 
  All 
  in 
  all, 
  however, 
  Sierral 
  influence 
  

   on 
  the 
  Amazonian 
  and 
  Chacoan 
  peoples 
  did 
  not, 
  so 
  far 
  as 
  we 
  can 
  de- 
  

   termine, 
  very 
  appreciably 
  change 
  their 
  fundamental 
  culture 
  

   Whether 
  in 
  far 
  distant 
  prehistoric 
  times 
  agriculture 
  with 
  such 
  arts 
  as 
  

   weaving 
  and 
  pottery 
  had 
  their 
  origin 
  in 
  the 
  Andean 
  region 
  and 
  thence 
  

   spread 
  out 
  over 
  the 
  Silval 
  area, 
  in 
  this 
  manner 
  greatly 
  changing 
  an 
  

   assumed 
  earlier 
  archaic 
  collecting 
  culture 
  there, 
  we 
  are 
  not 
  in 
  a 
  

   position 
  to 
  say, 
  nor 
  probably 
  will 
  be 
  unless 
  or 
  until 
  the 
  archeologist's 
  

   spade 
  digs 
  up 
  decisive 
  evidence. 
  

  

  b. 
  Diffusion 
  within 
  and 
  from 
  Silval 
  culture. 
  — 
  Let 
  us 
  pass 
  to 
  the 
  

   cultural 
  diffusions 
  stemming 
  out 
  from 
  the 
  Silval 
  area. 
  It 
  is 
  possible 
  

   that 
  in 
  remote 
  times 
  the 
  cultivation 
  of 
  manioc 
  originated 
  in 
  the 
  Silval 
  

   belt 
  east 
  of 
  the 
  Andes 
  and 
  thence 
  spread 
  to 
  the 
  lowlands 
  of 
  the 
  Sierral 
  

  

  11 
  Means, 
  1931 
  ; 
  Thompson, 
  1936. 
  The 
  Diaguita 
  higher 
  culture 
  was, 
  however, 
  at 
  base 
  

   independent 
  of, 
  and 
  anterior 
  to, 
  Inca 
  influence 
  and 
  domination. 
  

  

  20 
  Cooper, 
  1924, 
  pp. 
  406-410. 
  

  

  21 
  Nordenskiold, 
  1920, 
  pp. 
  202-206 
  ; 
  1924, 
  ch. 
  21 
  ; 
  1930, 
  eh. 
  9. 
  

  

  * 
  Nordenskiold, 
  1919, 
  pp. 
  235-251 
  ; 
  1920, 
  pp. 
  202-206 
  ; 
  1924, 
  pp. 
  225-226. 
  

  

  