﻿444 
  ANNUAL 
  REPORT 
  SMITHSONIAN 
  INSTITUTION, 
  194 
  3 
  

  

  • 
  

  

  southern 
  Brazilian 
  coast. 
  25 
  Thus 
  the 
  Ge-speaking, 
  Botocudo, 
  and 
  

   other 
  Marginal 
  peoples 
  of 
  the 
  Brazilian 
  highlands 
  became 
  almost 
  en- 
  

   tirely 
  ringed 
  by 
  the 
  Tupi, 
  who 
  brought 
  with 
  them 
  into 
  the 
  forested 
  

   areas 
  wherever 
  they 
  went 
  their 
  typical 
  Silval 
  culture. 
  The 
  regional 
  

   distribution 
  of 
  the 
  Tupi 
  as 
  mapped 
  by 
  Metraux 
  coincides 
  almost 
  per- 
  

   fectly 
  with 
  the 
  area 
  of 
  distribution 
  of 
  the 
  tropical 
  and 
  subtropical 
  

   rain 
  forests 
  that 
  all 
  but 
  surround 
  the 
  eastern 
  Brazilian 
  and 
  Matto 
  

   Grosso 
  highlands. 
  

  

  Silval 
  influence, 
  in 
  most 
  cases 
  mediated 
  through 
  the 
  Tupi, 
  has 
  deeply 
  

   penetrated 
  into 
  the 
  Brazilian 
  highlands 
  and 
  adjacent 
  regions 
  and 
  has 
  

   overlaid 
  to 
  differing 
  depths 
  the 
  preexisting 
  Marginal 
  culture, 
  leaving 
  

   only 
  areas 
  here 
  and 
  there 
  untouched 
  or 
  relatively 
  untouched. 
  To 
  such 
  

   Silval 
  influence 
  can 
  be 
  with 
  reasonable 
  confidence 
  ascribed 
  such 
  ele- 
  

   ments 
  as 
  horticulture, 
  tobacco, 
  intoxicants, 
  the 
  hammock, 
  and 
  so 
  forth, 
  26 
  

   and 
  possibly, 
  although 
  the 
  question 
  is 
  still 
  an 
  open 
  one, 
  the 
  basic 
  pat- 
  

   tern 
  of 
  the 
  complex 
  social 
  organization 
  revealed 
  among 
  the 
  Bororo 
  

   and 
  by 
  more 
  recent 
  studies 
  among 
  some 
  at 
  least 
  of 
  the 
  Ge-speaking 
  

   peoples 
  such 
  as 
  the 
  Apinaye, 
  Canella, 
  and 
  Serente. 
  27 
  Many 
  of 
  these 
  

   element 
  diffusions 
  from 
  Tupi 
  sources 
  can 
  be 
  well 
  dated 
  by 
  historic 
  

   documents 
  as 
  post-Columbian. 
  Furthermore, 
  from 
  the 
  scattered 
  dis- 
  

   tribution 
  of 
  these 
  Silval 
  traits 
  in 
  the 
  area, 
  from 
  their 
  seemingly 
  imper- 
  

   fect 
  assimilation, 
  and 
  from 
  the 
  recency 
  of 
  much 
  or 
  most 
  of 
  the 
  Tupi 
  

   invasion 
  of 
  the 
  area, 
  Silval 
  influence 
  on 
  the 
  highland 
  region 
  appears 
  

   to 
  be 
  in 
  the 
  main 
  recent. 
  All 
  in 
  all, 
  then, 
  we 
  have 
  good 
  ground 
  for 
  

   concluding 
  that 
  the 
  process 
  of 
  Silval 
  diffusion 
  into 
  this 
  Marginal 
  

   region 
  has 
  been 
  mostly 
  a 
  relatively 
  late 
  one, 
  much 
  of 
  it 
  known 
  definitely 
  

   to 
  be 
  post-Columbian 
  and 
  most 
  of 
  the 
  rest 
  probably 
  dating 
  back 
  not 
  

   many 
  centuries 
  prior 
  to 
  the 
  coming 
  of 
  the 
  European. 
  

  

  The 
  numerous 
  migrations 
  of 
  Sierral 
  and 
  Silval 
  peoples 
  and 
  cultures 
  

   which 
  we 
  have 
  briefly 
  summarized 
  in 
  the 
  preceding 
  several 
  pages 
  are 
  of 
  

   course 
  by 
  their 
  very 
  nature 
  chronologically 
  later 
  phenomena 
  in 
  the 
  

   respective 
  regions. 
  Many 
  of 
  them 
  are 
  post-Columbian, 
  most 
  or 
  all 
  of 
  

   the 
  remaining 
  ones 
  are 
  — 
  some 
  quite 
  clearly, 
  others 
  very 
  probably 
  — 
  of 
  

   dates 
  later 
  than 
  the 
  one 
  selected 
  above, 
  somewhat 
  arbitrarily, 
  that 
  of 
  

   circa 
  A. 
  D. 
  1000. 
  At 
  or 
  about 
  that 
  date, 
  the 
  distribution 
  of 
  the 
  three 
  

   cultures 
  — 
  the 
  Sierral, 
  the 
  Silval, 
  and 
  the 
  Marginal 
  — 
  was 
  much 
  less 
  

   broken 
  and 
  more 
  regular 
  than 
  it 
  was 
  at 
  the 
  time 
  of 
  the 
  Spanish 
  con- 
  

   quest 
  or 
  than 
  it 
  has 
  been 
  in 
  more 
  recent 
  times 
  (see 
  fig. 
  2). 
  At 
  that 
  

   more 
  remote 
  date, 
  the 
  Sierral 
  culture 
  without 
  the 
  Inca 
  overlay 
  occupied 
  

   about 
  the 
  area 
  where 
  it 
  was 
  found 
  at 
  the 
  time 
  of 
  the 
  Discovery; 
  the 
  

  

  25 
  Metraux, 
  1927 
  ; 
  Klimek 
  and 
  Milke, 
  1935, 
  pp. 
  87-88. 
  Cf. 
  Nordenskiold, 
  1917, 
  on 
  Chiri- 
  

   guano 
  migration 
  across 
  the 
  northern 
  Chaco 
  to 
  the 
  forested 
  foothills 
  to 
  the 
  west 
  thereof 
  ; 
  

   more 
  fully 
  documented 
  in 
  M<?traux, 
  1929b. 
  

  

  20 
  Ploetz 
  and 
  Metraux. 
  1929. 
  

  

  2T 
  Haeckel, 
  1938 
  — 
  a 
  valuable 
  assembling 
  of 
  the 
  factual 
  evidence, 
  but 
  theory 
  of 
  ultimate 
  

   Andean 
  origin 
  provisional 
  only. 
  

  

  