﻿446 
  ANNUAL 
  REPORT 
  SMITHSONIAN 
  INSTITUTION, 
  194 
  3 
  

  

  evidence 
  from 
  ethnology 
  and 
  archeology, 
  then 
  briefly 
  the 
  somatologi- 
  

   cal 
  and 
  geographical 
  evidence. 
  Some 
  of 
  the 
  cultural 
  evidence 
  is 
  

   derived 
  from 
  a 
  consideration 
  of 
  the 
  data 
  from 
  South 
  America 
  alone 
  ; 
  

   other, 
  from 
  consideration 
  of 
  pan-continental 
  conditions, 
  from 
  North 
  

   as 
  well 
  as 
  South 
  America. 
  

  

  (1) 
  Cultural 
  evidence. 
  — 
  (a) 
  South 
  American. 
  — 
  That 
  the 
  Fuegian 
  

   culture 
  represents 
  in 
  the 
  main 
  such 
  cultural 
  tarriance 
  from 
  very 
  early 
  

   times 
  seems 
  reasonably 
  clear. 
  The 
  evidence 
  for 
  this 
  conclusion 
  has 
  

   been 
  previously 
  presented 
  in 
  detail 
  by 
  the 
  present 
  writer, 
  a 
  conclusion 
  

   strengthened, 
  it 
  seems, 
  by 
  the 
  archeological 
  investigations 
  of 
  Lothrop 
  

   and 
  Bird 
  which 
  indicate 
  that 
  the 
  earliest 
  inhabitants 
  of 
  the 
  area 
  had 
  

   a 
  culture 
  seemingly 
  even 
  more 
  simple 
  than 
  that 
  of 
  the 
  modern 
  

   Yahgan 
  and 
  Alacaluf 
  , 
  and 
  of 
  the 
  Ona 
  and 
  their 
  close 
  cultural 
  rela- 
  

   tives, 
  the 
  Tehuelche 
  of 
  southern 
  Patagonia. 
  Furthermore 
  the 
  mod- 
  

   ern 
  culture 
  of 
  the 
  Yahgan 
  and 
  Alacaluf 
  in 
  particular 
  corresponds 
  in 
  

   many 
  seemingly 
  significant 
  respects 
  with 
  the 
  extremely 
  simple 
  culture 
  

   determined 
  archeologically 
  on 
  the 
  earliest 
  horizons 
  at 
  Taltal 
  and 
  

   Arica, 
  well 
  up 
  the 
  Chilean 
  coast. 
  30 
  

  

  That 
  the 
  Ge( 
  ?), 
  Botocudo 
  (Borun), 
  Puri, 
  Waitaka, 
  and 
  other 
  Mar- 
  

   ginals 
  of 
  eastern 
  Brazil 
  represent 
  a 
  survived 
  archaic 
  pre-Silval 
  cul- 
  

   ture 
  in 
  the 
  region 
  seems 
  the 
  most 
  reasonable 
  hypothesis 
  to 
  account 
  for 
  

   the 
  evidence 
  we 
  have. 
  The 
  evidence 
  for 
  the 
  region 
  has 
  been 
  mar- 
  

   shaled 
  by 
  Ploetz 
  and 
  Metraux, 
  much 
  of 
  the 
  evidence 
  for 
  the 
  northern 
  

   Go, 
  by 
  Snethlage. 
  31 
  This 
  conclusion, 
  to 
  which 
  we 
  have 
  previously 
  

   adverted, 
  is 
  drawn 
  partly 
  from 
  the 
  marked 
  primitivity 
  of 
  the 
  culture 
  

   as 
  compared 
  with 
  the 
  Silval, 
  and 
  partly 
  from 
  the 
  historically 
  proved 
  

   and 
  reasonably 
  inferred 
  later 
  intrusions 
  of 
  the 
  Tupi 
  and 
  of 
  Tupi 
  

   culture 
  into 
  the 
  area. 
  

  

  We 
  may 
  also 
  call 
  attention 
  in 
  passing 
  to 
  the 
  fact 
  that, 
  apart 
  from 
  

   the 
  Carib 
  Pimenteira 
  and 
  (Carib 
  or 
  independent 
  stock) 
  Kariri 
  in 
  the 
  

   eastern 
  part 
  of 
  the 
  highlands, 
  the 
  Carib 
  and 
  Arawak 
  tribes 
  of 
  the 
  upper 
  

   Xingu, 
  the 
  Arawak 
  Guana 
  and 
  Tereno 
  of 
  the 
  upper 
  Paraguay 
  — 
  all 
  of 
  

   these 
  last 
  four 
  on 
  the 
  far 
  western 
  borderlands 
  of 
  the 
  highlands 
  — 
  and 
  

   the 
  Karaya 
  of 
  the 
  Araguaya 
  River, 
  the 
  Tupi 
  are 
  the 
  only 
  or 
  almost 
  

   the 
  only 
  people 
  of 
  horticultural 
  or 
  of 
  typical 
  Silval 
  culture 
  who 
  border 
  

   on 
  and 
  are 
  intrusive 
  into 
  this 
  whole 
  great 
  highland 
  and 
  savanna 
  section 
  

   of 
  eastern 
  Brazil. 
  32 
  Lift 
  Tupi 
  peoples 
  and 
  Tupi 
  influence 
  from 
  the 
  

  

  30 
  Cooper, 
  1917, 
  pp. 
  223-226 
  ; 
  1924, 
  pp. 
  411-414 
  ; 
  Lothrop, 
  1928, 
  pp. 
  110-115, 
  178-197, 
  

   198-212 
  ; 
  Bird, 
  1938. 
  The 
  results, 
  published 
  since 
  the 
  above 
  was 
  in 
  proof, 
  of 
  Bird's 
  more 
  

   recent 
  excavations 
  along 
  the 
  north 
  Chilean 
  coast 
  show, 
  however, 
  some 
  important 
  con- 
  

   trasts 
  between 
  the 
  earlier 
  Chilean 
  coastal 
  cultures 
  and 
  the 
  modern 
  Yahgan 
  and 
  Alacaluf 
  

   (Bird, 
  1943). 
  

  

  31 
  Ploetz 
  and 
  Me"traux, 
  1929, 
  pp. 
  227-234 
  ; 
  Snethlage, 
  1930. 
  Among 
  the 
  foregoing 
  

   peoples 
  of 
  eastern 
  Brazil, 
  the 
  G§ 
  may 
  turn 
  out 
  to 
  be 
  partly 
  retrogressed 
  Silvals, 
  to 
  judge 
  

   from 
  the 
  trend 
  of 
  the 
  evidence 
  within 
  the 
  last 
  couple 
  of 
  years. 
  

  

  32 
  Nimuendajd's 
  1937 
  and 
  1942 
  unpublished 
  maps 
  of 
  the 
  area 
  are 
  our 
  best 
  and 
  most 
  com- 
  

   plete 
  ones. 
  Cf. 
  also 
  maps 
  previously 
  listed 
  in 
  footnote 
  7. 
  

  

  