﻿ABORIGINAL 
  SOUTH 
  AMERICAN 
  CULTURE 
  — 
  COOPER 
  449 
  

  

  accounted 
  for 
  on 
  any 
  of 
  the 
  foregoing 
  grounds. 
  Such, 
  for 
  instance, 
  

   are: 
  Thread-tattooing; 
  fire 
  making 
  by 
  the 
  percussion 
  method; 
  sundial 
  

   and 
  inclined-stick 
  traveling 
  signs; 
  the 
  association 
  of 
  head-scratcher, 
  

   drinking 
  tube, 
  hoof 
  rattle, 
  ashes 
  (charcoal), 
  foot 
  race 
  in 
  early 
  morn- 
  

   ing, 
  and 
  gathering 
  firewood 
  with 
  girls' 
  puberty 
  rites; 
  the 
  remarkable 
  

   grouping 
  of 
  games 
  — 
  hockey, 
  lacrosse, 
  ring-and-pin, 
  hoop-and-pole, 
  

   dart 
  game, 
  battledore, 
  dart 
  sticker, 
  dice 
  — 
  in 
  the 
  Brazilian 
  highlands 
  

   and 
  particularly 
  in 
  the 
  Chaco; 
  the 
  perhaps 
  still 
  more 
  striking 
  oc- 
  

   currence 
  of 
  a 
  large 
  number 
  of 
  very 
  specific 
  folk-lore 
  motifs, 
  especially 
  

   in 
  the 
  Chaco. 
  

  

  These 
  very 
  numerous 
  and 
  quite 
  specific 
  phenomena 
  appear 
  best 
  

   accounted 
  for 
  on 
  the 
  hypothesis 
  that 
  the 
  Marginal 
  peoples 
  of 
  North 
  

   and 
  South 
  America, 
  or 
  many 
  of 
  them, 
  have 
  retained 
  much 
  from 
  a 
  

   common 
  cultural 
  ancestry 
  of 
  archaic 
  days 
  prior 
  to 
  the 
  rise 
  and 
  spread 
  

   of 
  the 
  more 
  advanced 
  material 
  arts 
  on 
  the 
  continent. 
  In 
  other 
  words 
  

   the 
  Marginal 
  cultures 
  of 
  South 
  America, 
  or 
  many 
  of 
  them, 
  are 
  more 
  

   primitive 
  than 
  the 
  Silval, 
  in 
  the 
  sense 
  that 
  they 
  in 
  appreciable 
  measure 
  

   represent 
  cultural 
  tarriance 
  with 
  partial 
  retention 
  of 
  pattern 
  from 
  

   times 
  anterior 
  to 
  the 
  development 
  of 
  the 
  Silval. 
  

  

  Added 
  weight 
  accrues 
  to 
  this 
  inference 
  from 
  the 
  fact 
  that 
  a 
  certain 
  

   number 
  of 
  these 
  North-South 
  correspondences 
  — 
  such 
  as 
  thread-tattoo- 
  

   ing 
  and 
  the 
  ring-and-pin 
  game 
  — 
  are 
  shared 
  as 
  well 
  by 
  some 
  of 
  the 
  

   Marginals 
  of 
  northern 
  Asia. 
  37 
  A 
  certain 
  amount 
  of 
  further 
  support 
  

   is 
  derived 
  from 
  archeology 
  — 
  as 
  for 
  example, 
  the 
  consistent 
  absence 
  of 
  

   head 
  deformation 
  and 
  sporadic 
  absence 
  of 
  the 
  dog, 
  among 
  earlier 
  

   populations, 
  as 
  among 
  modern 
  Marginals, 
  of 
  North 
  or 
  South 
  America 
  

   or 
  both. 
  38 
  

  

  (2) 
  Somatological 
  evidence. 
  — 
  Somatological 
  data 
  cannot 
  as 
  a 
  rule 
  

   be 
  cited 
  as 
  evidence 
  in 
  the 
  cultural 
  court. 
  But 
  the 
  fact 
  that 
  so 
  many 
  

   of 
  the 
  peoples 
  of 
  the 
  Marginal 
  belt 
  appear 
  more 
  or 
  less 
  closely 
  related 
  

   physically 
  to 
  the 
  earliest 
  physical 
  type 
  so 
  far 
  recorded 
  on 
  the 
  South 
  

   American 
  continent, 
  does 
  seem 
  to 
  corroborate, 
  as 
  far 
  as 
  it 
  goes, 
  the 
  

   cultural 
  evidence 
  for 
  the 
  primitivity 
  of 
  the 
  Marginal 
  culture 
  itself. 
  

   So 
  related 
  physically 
  to 
  the 
  ancient 
  Lagoa 
  Santa-sambaqui 
  type 
  are 
  

   the 
  modern 
  Yahgan 
  and 
  Alacaluf 
  together 
  with 
  the 
  Ona 
  and 
  Tehuel- 
  

   che, 
  as 
  also 
  many 
  at 
  least 
  of 
  the 
  living 
  Marginal 
  peoples 
  of 
  the 
  

   Brazilian 
  highlands, 
  and 
  some 
  perhaps 
  of 
  the 
  other 
  Marginal 
  peoples. 
  39 
  

  

  (3) 
  Geographical 
  evidence. 
  — 
  Geographically 
  the 
  externally 
  Mar- 
  

   ginal 
  peoples 
  are 
  in 
  the 
  main 
  in 
  more 
  remote 
  areas 
  of 
  the 
  continent, 
  

   farthest 
  removed 
  from 
  the 
  doorways 
  of 
  ingress 
  to 
  the 
  continent 
  via 
  

   Panama 
  and 
  the 
  Antilles, 
  and 
  farthest 
  removed 
  by 
  sheer 
  distance 
  as 
  

  

  M 
  Birket-Smith, 
  1929, 
  pt. 
  2, 
  passim. 
  

  

  38 
  On 
  absence 
  of 
  head 
  deformation, 
  cf. 
  Stewart, 
  1940 
  ; 
  Nordenskiold, 
  1931, 
  p. 
  73 
  ; 
  Imbel- 
  

   loni, 
  1934 
  ; 
  Loven, 
  1935, 
  pp. 
  488-490 
  ; 
  Harrington, 
  1921, 
  vol. 
  2, 
  p. 
  386. 
  

   30 
  Hrdlicka, 
  1912, 
  pp. 
  179, 
  183 
  ; 
  Eickstedt, 
  1934, 
  p. 
  756-759. 
  

  

  