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  ANNUAL 
  REPORT 
  SMITHSONIAN 
  INSTITUTION, 
  1943 
  

  

  The 
  Chous 
  conquer 
  northern 
  China. 
  — 
  The 
  Chous 
  seem 
  long 
  to 
  have 
  

   meditated 
  conquest 
  of 
  the 
  Shang 
  kingdom, 
  against 
  which 
  they 
  are 
  

   said 
  to 
  have 
  made 
  at 
  least 
  one 
  ineffectual 
  attempt 
  before 
  they 
  embarked 
  

   on 
  their 
  final 
  venture. 
  7 
  They 
  and 
  their 
  allies 
  are 
  said 
  to 
  have 
  de- 
  

   feated 
  the 
  Shangs 
  in 
  the 
  region 
  of 
  the 
  Shang 
  capital, 
  which 
  recent 
  

   archeological 
  excavation 
  shows 
  they 
  then 
  savagely 
  sacked 
  and 
  

   destroyed. 
  

  

  The 
  Chous 
  then 
  conquered 
  much 
  of 
  northern 
  China, 
  where 
  they 
  

   established 
  their 
  power 
  far 
  more 
  firmly 
  than 
  the 
  Shangs 
  had 
  ever 
  done. 
  

   (On 
  the 
  Shang 
  and 
  Chou 
  culture 
  areas, 
  see 
  map, 
  fig. 
  6.) 
  The 
  task 
  

  

  Figure 
  6. 
  — 
  Shang 
  (in 
  black) 
  and 
  Chou 
  (cross-hatched) 
  culture 
  areas, 
  showing 
  

   southward 
  extension 
  of 
  the 
  latter. 
  

  

  seems 
  to 
  have 
  required 
  something 
  like 
  half 
  a 
  century, 
  and 
  a 
  passage 
  in 
  

   Mencius 
  tells 
  us 
  that 
  they 
  subdued 
  50 
  states. 
  Over 
  these 
  they 
  then 
  

   set 
  up 
  a 
  feudal 
  kingdom 
  of 
  primitive 
  type 
  but 
  still 
  forming 
  a 
  great 
  

   step 
  in 
  advance 
  over 
  anything 
  in 
  the 
  way 
  of 
  a 
  political 
  organization 
  

   that 
  the 
  Shangs 
  had 
  undertaken. 
  

  

  However, 
  the 
  Chous 
  failed 
  to 
  subdue 
  the 
  aboriginal 
  populations 
  of 
  

   the 
  northern 
  coast 
  lands, 
  and 
  these 
  long 
  remained 
  independent 
  or 
  at 
  

   most 
  became 
  tribute 
  payers. 
  Their 
  thorough 
  assimilation 
  into 
  the 
  

   Chinese 
  political 
  body 
  was 
  not 
  accomplished 
  until 
  many 
  centuries 
  

   later. 
  

  

  7 
  The 
  traditional 
  date 
  of 
  1122 
  B. 
  C. 
  for 
  the 
  Chou 
  conquest 
  is 
  almost 
  certainly 
  too 
  early 
  by 
  

   about 
  three-quarters 
  of 
  a 
  century. 
  On 
  this 
  point, 
  see 
  Bishop, 
  1932c, 
  pp. 
  235-237. 
  

  

  