﻿FAR 
  EASTERN 
  CIVILIZATIONS 
  — 
  BISHOP 
  

  

  493 
  

  

  reckoning, 
  and 
  writing. 
  Keverence 
  to 
  superiors 
  or 
  divinities 
  was 
  

   shown 
  by 
  bowing, 
  kneeling, 
  or 
  prostration, 
  as 
  in 
  the 
  Occident, 
  not 
  by 
  

   squatting 
  as 
  among 
  the 
  peasants 
  and 
  the 
  peoples 
  of 
  southeastern 
  Asia 
  

   and 
  the 
  islands 
  off 
  the 
  coast. 
  

  

  Houses 
  were 
  of 
  timber, 
  pillared 
  (see 
  pi. 
  12, 
  fig. 
  2), 
  carved, 
  and 
  

   painted 
  (or 
  laquered), 
  red 
  being 
  a 
  favorite 
  color, 
  regarded 
  as 
  lucky. 
  

   On 
  the 
  plastered 
  walls 
  were 
  executed 
  paintings 
  of 
  various 
  auspicious 
  

   creatures, 
  such 
  as 
  the 
  tiger 
  and 
  dragon. 
  Pleasure 
  towers, 
  summer 
  

   houses, 
  and 
  gardens 
  are 
  also 
  mentioned. 
  The 
  upturned 
  roof 
  cor- 
  

   ners, 
  regarded 
  in 
  the 
  Occident 
  as 
  so 
  typically 
  Chinese, 
  did 
  not 
  appear 
  

  

  \N.ECOBNER 
  

   MOUND 
  

  

  iwwmwiti/i'^ 
  

  

  MOAT 
  POND 
  \ 
  

  

  I 
  

  

  SOUTH 
  GATE 
  

   i 
  

  

  Sca/e 
  o-f 
  Miles 
  

   PA 
  THS 
  i. 
  =-- 
  ns» 
  

  

  Figukb 
  12. 
  — 
  Ruins 
  of 
  Ting, 
  ancient 
  capital 
  of 
  Ch'u, 
  on 
  the 
  Yangtze 
  River. 
  

  

  Ruins 
  ofYing, 
  

   Capital 
  of 
  Ch'u 
  

  

  in 
  China 
  until 
  long 
  after 
  the 
  beginning 
  of 
  the 
  Christian 
  Era 
  ; 
  during 
  

   Chou 
  times 
  Chinese 
  roofs 
  had 
  straight 
  lines, 
  as 
  in 
  the 
  west. 
  

  

  Costume. 
  — 
  Costume, 
  of 
  course, 
  varied 
  according 
  to 
  rank, 
  social 
  

   position, 
  and 
  wealth, 
  and 
  probably, 
  too, 
  from 
  state 
  to 
  state. 
  That 
  of 
  

   the 
  nobles 
  was 
  in 
  general 
  of 
  silk, 
  and 
  was 
  long 
  and 
  flowing, 
  as 
  in 
  the 
  

   Near 
  East. 
  Furs 
  and 
  feather 
  capes 
  were 
  worn, 
  particularly 
  in 
  cold 
  

   weather. 
  Embroidery 
  and 
  fine 
  needlework 
  were 
  highly 
  regarded, 
  

   and 
  bright 
  colors 
  esteemed. 
  Shoes, 
  at 
  least 
  among 
  the 
  well-to-do, 
  

   were 
  often 
  ornamented 
  with 
  jade. 
  

  

  Manners 
  and 
  customs. 
  — 
  The 
  rank 
  of 
  a 
  noble 
  was 
  indicated 
  espe- 
  

   cially 
  by 
  his 
  headgear. 
  This, 
  on 
  attainment 
  of 
  his 
  majority 
  by 
  a 
  

  

  