﻿INDONESIA 
  — 
  KENNEDY 
  515 
  

  

  The 
  two 
  main 
  racial 
  strains 
  are 
  the 
  proto-Malay 
  and 
  the 
  deutero- 
  

   Malay, 
  or, 
  as 
  we 
  shall 
  call 
  them, 
  the 
  earlier 
  and 
  the 
  later 
  Malays. 
  

   Both 
  of 
  these 
  racial 
  types 
  are 
  small, 
  brown-skinned, 
  and 
  wavy- 
  or 
  

   straight-haired; 
  but 
  the 
  earlier 
  Malays, 
  who 
  came 
  into 
  the 
  islands 
  

   from 
  the 
  mainland 
  of 
  Asia 
  before 
  the 
  later 
  stock, 
  are 
  generally 
  more 
  

   "Caucasoid" 
  in 
  facial 
  appearance, 
  shorter, 
  more 
  wavy-haired, 
  and 
  nar- 
  

   rower-headed. 
  The 
  later 
  Malay 
  type 
  looks 
  much 
  more 
  Mongoloid, 
  

   has 
  predominantly 
  coarse 
  and 
  straight 
  hair, 
  and 
  is 
  very 
  broad-headed. 
  

   Whereas 
  the 
  earlier 
  stock 
  is 
  now 
  restricted 
  mainly 
  to 
  the 
  interior 
  dis- 
  

   tricts 
  of 
  the 
  large 
  western 
  islands 
  and 
  to 
  the 
  remoter 
  eastern 
  parts 
  

   of 
  the 
  archipelago, 
  the 
  later 
  Malay 
  strain 
  predominates 
  in 
  the 
  coastal 
  

   areas 
  of 
  western 
  Indonesia, 
  and 
  has 
  only 
  recently 
  spread 
  in 
  appreci- 
  

   able 
  force 
  to 
  the 
  eastern 
  islands. 
  

  

  The 
  cultural 
  differentiation 
  runs 
  parallel 
  with 
  the 
  physical, 
  in 
  gen- 
  

   eral. 
  Thus 
  the 
  tribes 
  of 
  earlier 
  Malay 
  type, 
  inhabiting 
  the 
  more 
  

   inaccessible 
  regions, 
  are 
  still 
  largely 
  pagan 
  in 
  religion, 
  only 
  partially 
  

   influenced 
  by 
  Hindu 
  civilization 
  or 
  Mohammedanism, 
  lack 
  many 
  of 
  

   the 
  more 
  advanced 
  techniques 
  of 
  material 
  culture, 
  and 
  preserve 
  ancient 
  

   features 
  of 
  social 
  organization. 
  The 
  later 
  Malays, 
  living 
  mostly 
  in 
  

   coastal 
  districts, 
  have 
  undergone 
  strong 
  Hinduist 
  acculturation 
  and 
  

   are 
  now 
  nearly 
  all 
  Mohammedan 
  in 
  religion, 
  possess 
  a 
  wide 
  repertory 
  

   of 
  manufacturing 
  techniques, 
  and 
  have 
  long 
  since 
  adopted 
  centralized 
  

   state 
  forms 
  of 
  government. 
  

  

  LANGUAGES 
  

  

  Despite 
  these 
  differences, 
  which 
  are 
  due 
  mainly 
  to 
  the 
  relative 
  loca- 
  

   tions 
  of 
  the 
  two 
  racial 
  types, 
  there 
  are 
  innumerable 
  elements 
  of 
  cul- 
  

   tural 
  similarity 
  prevailing 
  throughout 
  the 
  islands. 
  

  

  One 
  of 
  these 
  is 
  language. 
  All 
  the 
  peoples 
  of 
  Indonesia, 
  with 
  only 
  

   three 
  exceptions, 
  speak 
  languages 
  belonging 
  to 
  the 
  same 
  basic 
  stock, 
  

   the 
  Malayo-Polynesian 
  or 
  Austronesian, 
  which 
  also 
  spreads 
  over 
  most 
  

   of 
  the 
  Oceanic 
  islands, 
  the 
  Philippines, 
  part 
  of 
  southeastern 
  Asia, 
  and 
  

   Madagascar. 
  The 
  three 
  exceptions 
  are 
  the 
  natives 
  of 
  northern 
  Hal- 
  

   mahera 
  in 
  the 
  Moluccas, 
  eastern 
  Alor 
  in 
  the 
  Lesser 
  Sundas, 
  and 
  inte- 
  

   rior 
  New 
  Guinea. 
  For 
  want 
  of 
  a 
  better 
  term, 
  these 
  languages 
  are 
  

   lumped 
  together 
  as 
  "Papuan,-' 
  which 
  means 
  merely 
  that 
  they 
  do 
  not 
  

   belong 
  to 
  the 
  Austronesian 
  stock 
  but 
  have 
  not 
  yet 
  been 
  properly 
  classi- 
  

   fied 
  otherwise. 
  Few 
  of 
  the 
  Indonesians 
  can 
  read 
  and 
  write. 
  Those 
  

   who 
  do 
  use 
  either 
  an 
  ancient 
  kind 
  of 
  script, 
  derived 
  from 
  Hindu 
  writ- 
  

   ing, 
  or 
  the 
  Arabic 
  alphabet. 
  Eecently, 
  the 
  schools 
  established 
  by 
  

   the 
  government 
  and 
  the 
  missionaries 
  have 
  spread 
  knowledge 
  of 
  the 
  

   Koman 
  alphabet 
  over 
  many 
  districts. 
  Some 
  of 
  the 
  more 
  primitive 
  

   tribes, 
  such 
  as 
  the 
  Batak 
  and 
  Redjang 
  of 
  Sumatra, 
  are 
  able 
  to 
  write 
  

  

  