﻿584 
  ANNUAL 
  REPORT 
  SMITHSONIAN 
  INSTITUTION, 
  1943 
  

   FURTHER 
  INVESTIGATIONS 
  IN 
  PANAMA 
  

  

  In 
  the 
  report 
  by 
  Sawyer, 
  Bauer, 
  and 
  Whitman 
  (1937) 
  it 
  was 
  stated 
  

   that 
  no 
  protective 
  sera 
  had 
  been 
  obtained 
  in 
  Panama 
  from 
  persons 
  

   born 
  after 
  1905, 
  the 
  date 
  of 
  the 
  last 
  recognized 
  case, 
  but 
  that 
  further 
  

   investigation 
  was 
  in 
  progress 
  in 
  the 
  territory 
  south 
  of 
  the 
  Panama 
  

   Canal 
  Zone, 
  a 
  region 
  which 
  had 
  not 
  then 
  been 
  studied. 
  Through 
  the 
  

   courtesy 
  of 
  Dr. 
  Herbert 
  C. 
  Clark 
  and 
  Dr. 
  Carl 
  M. 
  Johnson, 
  of 
  the 
  

   Gorgas 
  Memorial 
  Laboratory, 
  and 
  Col. 
  George 
  R. 
  Callender, 
  of 
  the 
  

   Army 
  Research 
  Board, 
  Panama 
  Canal 
  Zone, 
  specimens 
  were 
  subse- 
  

   quently 
  obtained 
  from 
  Darien 
  Province, 
  from 
  the 
  San 
  Bias 
  Indians, 
  

   and 
  from 
  Santa 
  Rosa 
  on 
  the 
  Chagres 
  River. 
  The 
  results 
  are 
  shown 
  

   in 
  table 
  1. 
  Of 
  the 
  149 
  children 
  of 
  Darien 
  Province 
  who 
  were 
  tested, 
  

   two 
  gave 
  protective 
  sera 
  and 
  were 
  aged 
  11 
  and 
  12 
  years. 
  None 
  of 
  the 
  

   56 
  Chagres 
  River 
  specimens 
  from 
  children 
  protected. 
  Of 
  the 
  six 
  San 
  

   Bias 
  children 
  tested 
  one, 
  aged 
  9, 
  gave 
  a 
  protective 
  serum. 
  This 
  serum 
  

   was 
  collected 
  in 
  1936 
  and 
  the 
  evidence 
  suggests 
  that 
  yellow 
  fever 
  was 
  

   present 
  at 
  least 
  as 
  late 
  as 
  1927. 
  No 
  conclusion 
  as 
  to 
  the 
  present 
  exist- 
  

   ence 
  of 
  yellow 
  fever 
  there 
  can 
  be 
  drawn 
  except 
  that 
  it 
  has 
  not 
  yet 
  been 
  

   shown 
  to 
  be 
  present, 
  but 
  if 
  yellow 
  fever 
  exists 
  in 
  Central 
  America 
  it 
  

   will 
  probably 
  be 
  found 
  in 
  this 
  region 
  of 
  Panama 
  close 
  to 
  South 
  

   America. 
  A 
  cooperative 
  program 
  including 
  viscerotomy, 
  protection 
  

   tests, 
  and 
  supplementary 
  studies 
  in 
  this 
  region 
  has 
  been 
  arranged 
  

   between 
  the 
  government 
  of 
  Panama 
  and 
  the 
  International 
  Health 
  Di- 
  

   vision, 
  and 
  ultimately 
  it 
  should 
  be 
  known 
  whether 
  the 
  virus 
  is 
  actually 
  

   present. 
  

  

  JUNGLE 
  FEVER 
  IN 
  SOUTH 
  AMERICA 
  

  

  The 
  reports 
  of 
  Soper 
  (1937, 
  1938) 
  on 
  the 
  studies 
  of 
  jungle 
  yellow 
  

   fever 
  in 
  South 
  America 
  leave 
  little 
  to 
  be 
  added 
  here. 
  An 
  important 
  

   recent 
  observation 
  was 
  made 
  by 
  Shannon, 
  Whitman, 
  and 
  Franca 
  

   (193S), 
  who 
  demonstrated 
  that 
  wild-caught 
  forest-inhabiting 
  mos- 
  

   quitoes 
  of 
  Brazil 
  of 
  the 
  species 
  Aedes 
  leucocelaenus 
  and 
  Eaemagogus 
  

   capricomii 
  contained 
  yellow 
  fever 
  virus 
  and 
  were 
  capable 
  of 
  infecting 
  

   rhesus 
  monkeys 
  by 
  biting. 
  The 
  epidemiology 
  of 
  jungle 
  yellow 
  fever 
  

   is 
  not 
  yet 
  completely 
  known. 
  The 
  infection 
  is 
  transmitted 
  by 
  some 
  

   vector, 
  or 
  perhaps 
  several, 
  peculiar 
  to 
  the 
  uncleared 
  forest, 
  and 
  it 
  

   is 
  probable 
  that 
  animals 
  other 
  than 
  man 
  and 
  monkeys 
  are 
  involved 
  

   in 
  the 
  transmission 
  cycle. 
  The 
  infection 
  may 
  be 
  endemic 
  in 
  the 
  sense 
  

   of 
  being 
  continuously 
  or 
  frequently 
  present 
  in 
  an 
  area, 
  as 
  for 
  example 
  

   in 
  the 
  vicinity 
  of 
  Muzo, 
  Colombia, 
  or 
  it 
  may 
  be 
  sharply 
  epidemic. 
  In 
  

   the 
  latter 
  case, 
  the 
  infection 
  appears 
  at 
  times 
  to 
  invade 
  new 
  territory 
  

   and 
  probably 
  to 
  disappear 
  from 
  previously 
  infected 
  areas. 
  

  

  Soper 
  (1938) 
  has 
  described 
  a 
  progressive 
  epidemic, 
  or 
  series 
  of 
  sea- 
  

   sonal 
  epidemics, 
  which 
  was 
  first 
  observed 
  in 
  1934 
  at 
  Coronel 
  Ponce 
  in 
  

  

  