﻿596 
  ANNUAL 
  REPORT 
  SMITHSONIAN 
  INSTITUTION, 
  1943 
  

  

  cheap 
  food 
  resources 
  with 
  which 
  to 
  feed 
  the 
  Japanese 
  masses 
  who 
  

   are 
  extremely 
  poor. 
  Into 
  various 
  sections 
  of 
  the 
  country 
  went 
  young 
  

   students 
  and 
  research 
  workers 
  from 
  Saiki's 
  laboratory 
  to 
  study 
  the 
  

   food 
  values 
  of 
  literally 
  everything 
  edible 
  in 
  those 
  areas, 
  including 
  

   weeds, 
  numerous 
  insects, 
  and 
  other 
  forms 
  of 
  life 
  hitherto 
  unused 
  as 
  

   human 
  food. 
  One 
  result 
  of 
  the 
  knowledge 
  thus 
  gained 
  was 
  that 
  

   nutritionally 
  adequate 
  diets 
  for 
  the 
  masses 
  could 
  be 
  secured 
  for 
  a 
  cost 
  

   as 
  low 
  as 
  5 
  cents 
  a 
  day. 
  

  

  As 
  a 
  result 
  of 
  the 
  war, 
  the 
  shipment 
  of 
  silk 
  to 
  this 
  country 
  was 
  

   stopped. 
  Other 
  uses 
  for 
  the 
  silkworm 
  have 
  been 
  found 
  however. 
  

   Recently 
  it 
  was 
  learned 
  that 
  the 
  silkworm 
  cocoon 
  contains 
  a 
  significant 
  

   amount 
  of 
  vitamin 
  B 
  x 
  . 
  This 
  is 
  now 
  being 
  extracted 
  and 
  used 
  as 
  a 
  food. 
  

   There 
  can 
  be 
  no 
  doubt 
  that 
  the 
  information 
  gained 
  through 
  Dr. 
  Saiki's 
  

   activities 
  is 
  now 
  being 
  applied 
  by 
  the 
  Japanese 
  militarists 
  in 
  provid- 
  

   ing 
  the 
  soldiers 
  and 
  sailors 
  with 
  the 
  food 
  needed 
  for 
  them 
  to 
  carry 
  on. 
  

   Because 
  the 
  Japanese 
  masses 
  have 
  long 
  been 
  accustomed 
  to 
  simple 
  and 
  

   cheap 
  fare, 
  it 
  is 
  probably 
  relatively 
  easy 
  for 
  the 
  Japanese 
  soldier 
  to 
  

   adjust 
  to 
  his 
  special 
  field 
  rations. 
  

  

  The 
  bulk 
  of 
  a 
  ration 
  cannot 
  be 
  reduced 
  below 
  a 
  certain 
  amount 
  if 
  a 
  

   desired 
  number 
  of 
  calories 
  is 
  to 
  be 
  furnished. 
  This 
  point 
  is 
  not 
  

   always 
  appreciated 
  by 
  the 
  layman. 
  Food 
  energy 
  is 
  derived 
  from 
  

   protein, 
  carbohydrate, 
  and 
  fat, 
  the 
  first 
  two 
  of 
  which 
  yield 
  4 
  calories 
  

   per 
  gram 
  in 
  contrast 
  to 
  fat 
  which 
  furnishes 
  9 
  calories 
  per 
  gram. 
  The 
  

   "average 
  man" 
  weighs 
  154 
  pounds 
  (70 
  kilograms) 
  and 
  requires 
  3,000 
  

   calories 
  per 
  day. 
  To 
  secure 
  this 
  number 
  of 
  calories 
  from 
  the 
  most 
  

   concentrated 
  source 
  available 
  — 
  fat 
  — 
  333 
  grams 
  (roughly 
  three-quar- 
  

   ters 
  of 
  a 
  pound) 
  are 
  required. 
  However, 
  man 
  develops 
  ketosis 
  when 
  

   fat 
  furnishes 
  more 
  than 
  about 
  one-half 
  of 
  the 
  energy. 
  Calories 
  from 
  

   carbohydrate 
  are 
  required 
  to 
  prevent 
  this. 
  Therefore 
  the 
  333 
  grams 
  

   of 
  fat 
  must 
  be 
  diluted 
  with 
  some 
  carbohydrate 
  ; 
  still 
  more 
  dilution 
  is 
  

   necessary 
  in 
  order 
  to 
  secure 
  needed 
  protein, 
  mineral 
  nutrients, 
  and 
  

   vitamins. 
  

  

  This 
  question 
  of 
  bulk 
  has 
  assumed 
  great 
  importance 
  recently. 
  In 
  

   natural 
  foods, 
  the 
  various 
  dietary 
  factors 
  may 
  be 
  greatly 
  diluted 
  with 
  

   water. 
  Seeds 
  like 
  the 
  cereal 
  grains 
  and 
  legumes, 
  and 
  special 
  products 
  

   made 
  from 
  them, 
  like 
  baked 
  goods, 
  are 
  concentrated 
  foods 
  which 
  are 
  

   low 
  in 
  water 
  content 
  in 
  contrast 
  to 
  muscle 
  tissue, 
  for 
  example, 
  which 
  

   has 
  from 
  70 
  to 
  80 
  percent 
  water, 
  and 
  a 
  food 
  like 
  canned 
  tomatoes 
  

   which 
  contain 
  over 
  95 
  percent 
  water. 
  In 
  the 
  early 
  days 
  of 
  its 
  work 
  

   in 
  this 
  country, 
  the 
  British 
  Food 
  Commission 
  bought 
  large 
  quantities 
  

   of 
  water-rich 
  foods 
  like 
  canned 
  tomatoes 
  for 
  shipment 
  to 
  England. 
  

   This 
  meant 
  using 
  a 
  large 
  part 
  of 
  the 
  available 
  space 
  for 
  shipping 
  the 
  

   water 
  contained 
  in 
  these 
  foods. 
  As 
  a 
  result 
  of 
  the 
  sinking 
  of 
  so 
  many 
  

   ships, 
  it 
  has 
  become 
  necessary 
  to 
  make 
  the 
  best 
  possible 
  use 
  of 
  all 
  avail- 
  

  

  